Assignment 3: Written Assessment - Essay Weighting: 45% Length and/or format: 2000 words +/- 10% Purpose: To compare and contrast interprofessional approaches to an ethical issues in the...

research ethics
Contents
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1
BEAUCHAMP AND CHILDRESS ETHICAL PRINCIPLES AND CONSENT ....................................... 2
RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY AND RESPECT FOR INTEGRITY AND CONSENT ............................. 3
UTILITARIAN APPROACH AND CONSENT .......................................................................................... 3
DEONTOLOGY APPROACH AND CONSENT ........................................................................................ 5
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 6
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES……………………………………… 5
INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL AND SPIRITUAL BELIEFS…………………………………………… 6
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
1
INTRODUCTION
Ethics is defined as set of behavior that helps an individual's to act and
ehave in an awkward situation where individual decision making and
actions has a greater chance of being wrong and ethically wrong. Ethics
is neither science nor law nor feelings nor culturally accepted norms
(Beauchamp and Childress, 2001). There are two problems in
identification of ethical standards. The first issue is the source on which
moral standards are based. The second issue is how to implement those
standards in different situations. Since health care domain involves lives
of human beings and various aspects acting within an ethical boundary is
an utmost necessity. Ethical frameworks are set of strategies framed
within a boundary, recommended for practice in order to prevent ethical
and moral issues commonly observed and faced in a clinical situation. It
acts as a helping guide to health care professionals to work under their
professional edge (Sreenivasan, 2011). The article will take into account
various ethical theories or principles, its importance, limitations, and its
implementation in a clinical scenario through critical evidence. The
ethical frameworks and how it act as ba
iers in certain situations and
how professionals need to work in such situations will be discussed in
the essay. The essay will address the topic consent by the above-
mentioned points.
2

BEAUCHAMP AND CHILDRESS ETHICAL PRINCIPLES AND
CONSENT
According to Nuremberg Code, informed consent is defined as the
subject involved in any type of treatment process or medical
experimentation has the right to take decision about his own health, the
interventions to be ca
ied out must be allowed by him/her, and no such
decision he/she will be taking under the force of fraud, duress, deceit,
coercion etc. The informed consent is an ethical and legal necessity in
case of treating patients. The subjects must have knowledge of every
element of science involved in the process with advantages and
disadvantages of both. Similarly, as per World Medical Association,
Declaration of Helsinki states any human being involved in any type of
esearch must be informed about aim, purpose, objectives, methods to be
employed, benefits and disadvantages of the study and discomfort it can
cause through the process. The subject has the freedom to withdraw
himself/herself from the study at any moment depending upon the
comfort. The subjects must provide his/her consent to participate
through a written format (World Medical Association, 2009). These two
statements have given rise to new dimensions to ethical standards in the
second half of this century. The following section will take into account
two principles of ethics derived from Beauchamp and Childress model
and integrated with informed consent in order to justify the integration
of informed consent in medical ethics.
3

RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY AND RESPECT FOR INTEGRITY
AND CONSENT
According to Beauchamp and Childress ethical principles Respect for
autonomy includes those subjects who acts with the intention, with an
understanding and doesn't act under any influence. A person can be
considered as autonomous under three conditions liberty, understanding
and agency. Respect for autonomy implicates respect for one's actions
and choices till the time it is not harming others and is taken under three
conditions mentioned above. Similarly, integrity has different meanings
in different contexts. The two meanings which hold good for medical
ethics are the integrity of subject and physician, secondly being an
individual of integrity (Lo, 2009). The respect for an integrity forms the
ase for respect for autonomy in medical ethics (Anderson, 2009). The
principle of informed consent is related to the principle of autonomy and
autonomy principle is related with the principle of integrity. They form a
triangle in biomedical ethics. Informed consent on the ground of medical
ethics is defined as the autonomous authorization of an individual for
any medical intervention or involvement in medical
esearch process
with through knowledge of the process, its advantages and
disadvantages.
UTILITARIAN APPROACH AND CONSENT
As previously discussed, the sources of ethical standards must be...