Solution
David answered on
Nov 30 2019
Running head: SYSTEMATIC DECISION MAKING
1
SYSTEMATIC DECISION MAKING
28
Aviation Issues: Reducing the Radio Frequency Interference in Aircrafts
Name
Institution
Table of Contents
1. Mess Articulation
3
2. Scope
4
3. Decomposition
4
4. Mess and Problems
4
5. Who?
i. Problem 1
6
ii. Stakeholders wants
6
iii. Classification
7
iv. Attitude
7
v. Stakeholders management Plan
7
6. Problem 2
(9-12)
7. Problem 3
(13-15)
8. What?
i. Problem 1
15
ii. Objective Na
ative
15
iii. Fundamental Objective Hierarchy
15
iv. Means Ends Hierarchy
16
v. FCM with Means Ends Hierarchy
17
9. Why?
i. Problem 1
17
ii. FCM Analysis
17
iii. FCM and Stakeholders Objective Relationship
18
10. Where?
19
i. Boundary Articulation
19
ii. Source of Powe
20
iii. Source of Knowledge
20
iv. Source of legitimacy
21
v. Boundary Na
ative
21
11. Context Articulation
22
i. Circumstances
22
ii. Factors
22
iii. Conditions
22
iv. Values
22
v. Pattern
23
12. Context Na
ative
25
i. Force Field Diagram
25
ii. Proposed-Ought to be changes
25
13. How?
26
i. Cynefin Domain
26
ii. Mechanism
26
14. When?
27
i. Intervention Framework
27
ii. Intervention Strategy
27
iii. Na
ative
27
15. FCM Time Scale Assessment
28
16. Observation and Action Analysis
30
17. References
31
Mess Articulation
Situation
Safety in the aviation industry has been facing challenges in various aspects. There are various parts of the aircraft that play a significant role in aircraft safety. Electronic devices ca
ied aboard by the passengers pose dangerous conditions to aircraft safety. Electromagnetic interference sometimes causes aircraft crash and huge level accidents. Aircraft’s instrument landing system detects improper glide path signal due to electromagnetic interference from onboard electronic devices like laptops and mobiles ca
ied by passengers (Rodrigue 2011).
Radio frequency Interference has been an unnoticed factor since last many decades. It has been an unrecognized factor among the various causes of crash. RF Interference of electronic devices of customers occurs every time with aircraft system. According to Aviation Safety Reporting Systems (ASRS) about 15 to 25 incidents of RF Interference per year are reported to occur between1995 – 2001. And with many more passengers using electronic devices now, such incidents may increase in future.
RF interference is a complex problem, rarely detected by the pilots and maintenance personnel. In advanced aircrafts like “Fly by wire”, there are many more electronic points in their circuit which can be easily interfered by Radio Frequency waves. Aircraft designer and manufacturing Companies, maintenance personal, know this threat that’s why they work consistently to minimize these problems. But as the work forces are slimming down, responsibilities are increasing, and older-experienced professionals who had expert knowledge in detecting electromagnetic compatibility, are getting retired, there is growing potential for problems (Krauss 2003).
Scope
The goal of the study is to develop a systematic understanding of the problems associated with Radio Frequency Interference in commercial aircrafts. The study focuses mainly on technical aspects involved in design of electromagnetic devices, electromagnetic environment, RF emission standards and possible measures to overcome this problem in aircrafts.
Decomposition
The electronic complexity of aircrafts includes many components like aircrafts systems marker beacons, collision avoidance system, traffic detectors, distance measuring gadget, GPS system, Microwave landing systems and many more equipments required for the smooth functioning of flight. These devices work at different levels of Radio frequency waves (Strauss and Morgan 2003).
In addition, many consumer devices like laptop, mobiles, palmtop, game systems also operate at the similar range of frequency waves. Aircraft cabins can act as resonating areas which echo or prolong the frequency waves by synchronous vi
ations. These problems are examined in detail in following sections:
Mess: Unfavorable Impact of RF Interference in Aircrafts
· Problem 1: Inefficient Aircraft equipment design and maintenance
· Problem 2: Analysis of electromagnetic environment on aircraft
· Problem 3: Poor management of RF emissions from Consumer devices.
Who?
4 stakeholder groups are identified as relevant to mess and its constituent problems:
1. Aircraft Manufacturers: The companies involved in designing and manufacturing of electronic component of aircrafts.
2. Aircraft Owner Companies: the individuals and companies which own the airlines.
3. Aircraft service customers: the individuals and companies which buy or benefit from the services of airlines.
4. National Aerospace System, it includes:
(a) Airport operators: involved in passenger cargo and flight operations.
(b) Airport tenants: involved in airport activities like aircraft fuelling, maintenance and catering.
(c) Air Traffic Control personals: responsible for flight communications, navigation and surveillance,
(d) Flight operators: responsible for planning and operating flights,
(e) Aerospace manufacturers: responsible for manufacturing equipments and devices for airports and ATC,
(f) Regulatory Authorities: regulate the conduct and performance of aviation industry; it includes Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), NAS, National Transporter’s Safety Board (NTSB) and DOT.
(g) Researchers and Academicians: conduct Aerospace related research and development in academic and govt. organizations.
(h) Security Services providers: provide physical and operational security to aviation industry.
(i) Weather linked services providers: provide updated information about weather forecasting.
5. Market
6. Media like Television, Internet, Newspaper,
Problem 1: Inefficient Aircraft equipment design and maintenance
Stakeholders Wants
Stakeholders
Wants
Aircraft Manufacturers
Maximum returns on investments
Aircraft Owners Companies
Increased demand, performance, reliability and safety
Customers
Minimize the travel costs
Market
Maintained and improved the quality of services
NAS Community
Minimum social and environmental impact on the aircraft services
Media
Maximize the stories that sell.
Device Manufacturers and Sellers
Make the devices resistant to RF Interference
Stakeholders Classification
Stakeholders
Classification
Powe
Legitimacy
Urgency
Prominence
Classification
Sub-
classification
Aircraft Manufacturers
1
1
1
1
Definitive
Definitive
Owner Companies
1
1
1
1
Definitive
Definitive
Customers
0
1
0
0.3
Latent
Discretionary
Market
1
1
1
1
Definitive
Definitive
NAS Community
1
1
1
1
Definitive
Definitive
Media
0
1
0
0.3
Latent
Discretionary
Device Community
1
1
1
1
Definitive
Definitive
Stakeholders’ Attitudes
Stakeholders
Threat
Cooperation
Support
Attitude
Aircraft Manufacturers
0
1
1
Supportive
Owner Companies
0
1
1
Supportive
Customers
0
0
0
Marginal
Market
1
1
0
Mixed
NAS Community
1
1
-1
Non-Supportive
Media
0
0
0
Marginal
Device Community
1
1
1
Supportive
FCM for Stakeholders’ Objectives
Stakeholder Management Plan
Stakeholder Management Plan integrates all the previous tables Stakeholder Wants, Classifications and Attitude with following table of Stakeholder engagement.
Engagement
CFM
Stakeholders
Strategy
Centrality
Out degree
In degree
Activity Rank
Popularity
Priority
Manufacture
Involve
3.75
2.75
1
1
5
1
Owne
Involve
1.75
1
0.75
3
7
3
Custome
Monito
1.25
0.25
1
7
5
7
Market
Involve
2
0.75
1.25
5
2
5
NAS
Involve
2.5
1
1.5
3
1
4
Media
Monito
2.75
1.5
1.25
2
2
2
Device Community
Involve
2
0.75
1.25
5
2
6
Stakeholder Management
1. We must engage with the manufacturers of Aircrafts because they are central to resolving the problem of interest and are supportive.
2. Media is highly influential but neutral in terms of solving the problem, therefore it must be monitored closely.
3. Owners of Aircrafts are also supportive and come next to manufacturers in resolving the problem.
4. NAS includes the employees related to overall functioning of aircrafts. The Quality of their work is likely to influence the potential of industry. E should involve the NAS community in solving the mess and problem.
5. Market is of mixed attitude. Though we need to improve the situation but such mixed attitude of market should not pull back our planned efforts.
6. Device community is important but to a lesser extent. Priority should be that the Aircraft should repel any kind of RF interference. Insulating all the electronic gadgets is a big mess.
7. This stakeholder’s analysis should be revised periodically according to situation.
Problem 2: Analysis of electromagnetic environment on aircraft
Stakeholders want
Stakeholde
Want
Aircraft Manufacturers
Minimize the RF Interference to lowest
Owner Companies
Maintain the design and standards adopted by manufacturers
Customers
Be able to use their electronic gadgets freely during a flight
Market
Adopt new technology to make the fights safer and smoothe
NAS Community
Preserve the NAS operational quality (like performance, safety, security, efficiency and impact on environment and society)
Media
Maximize the stories that sell
Device Community
Improve the design of their gadgets to support non interference
Stakeholders Classification
Stakeholders
Classification
Powe
Legitimacy
Urgency
Prominence
Classification
Sub-
classification
Aircraft Manufacturers
1
1
1
1
Definitive
Definitive
Owner Companies
1
1
1
1
Definitive
Definitive
Customers
0
1
0
0.3
Latent
Discretionary
Market
0
1
1
0.7
Expectant
Dependent
NAS Community
1
1
1
1
Definitive
Definitive
Media
0
1
0
0.3
Latent
Discretionary
Device Community
1
1
1
1
Definitive
Definitive
Stakeholder Attitudes
Stakeholde
Threat
Cooperation
Support
Attitude
Aircraft Manufacturers
1
1
0
Mixed reaction
Owner Companies
0
1
1
Supportive
Customers
0
1
1
Supportive
Market
0
1
1
Supportive
NAS Community
1
1
0
Mixed Reaction
Media
0
0
0
Marginal
Device Community
1
1
0
Mixed
Stakeholders’ Objectives
Stakeholder Management Plan
Stakeholder Management Plan integrates all the previous tables Stakeholder Wants, Classifications and Attitude with following table of Stakeholder engagement.
Engagement
CFM
Stakeholders
Strategy
Centrality
Out...