What are the common denominators of complex political systems that arose in many parts of the world...

Question

What are the common denominators of complex political systems that arose in many parts of the world when advanced civilizations developed approximately 8,000 years ago?

Consider the role of bureaucracies and corruption in democracies. Explain how a failing bureaucracy or high levels of corruption impacts a democratic regime.

Answer these two questions in an essay format bothseparated in two using 4 sources two each. In 6pages and 3 pages per question.

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Title: 2. the role of bureaucracies and corruption in democracies  
Contents 
Introduction	3
Economic development and bureaucratic corruption	3
Public service and Corruption	4
The influence of bureaucracy on democracy	5
Conclusion	5
Works Cited	6
Introduction
Corruption is a symptom of a larger institutional problem. Corruption can be influenced by the structure of political institutions. Such as, Lack of press freedom is linked to under-reporting and non-response of corruption's depth and breadth. Public officials' political control is influenced by institutions. Rent-seeking actions benefit bureaucracy and elected politicians alike. An indicator that captures bureaucratic corruption is used to assess the extent of corruption in a country. Top-level leaders' bureaucratic control tactics can aid middle-level participants in apportioning blame. Uncertain delegation arrangements can benefit both business interests and public officials.
Economic development and bureaucratic corruption
According to Oliveros et al., bureaucratic corruption will result in a shrinking public sector. In nations where corruption is widespread, domestic investments are less productive. Corruption may be studied using welfare economics as a starting point. Lobbying and  increasing corruption transaction costs have no negative impact on wellbeing. Corruption is more successful at keeping business than it is at attracting new customers.
Poor developing countries might not be able to fight corruption on their own. The level of opportunism and the magnitude of bribes have a considerable influence on the lack of corruption. Regaining investor trust and fighting corruption are inextricably linked. Corruption can be influenced by factors that contribute to common crimes.
In the fight against corruption, Parliament is a critical leader.

What are the common denominators of complex political systems that arose in many parts of the world when advanced civilizations developed approximately 8,000 years ago? Consider the role of...

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