Using what you’ve learned from your reading, please respond thoughtfully and in your own words to...

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Using what you’ve learned from your reading, please respond thoughtfully and in your own words to the following discussion questions. Number each question and be sure to back up statements of fact with cited sources. Your initial response should be at least 155 words (about one-half page XXXXXXXXXXInjections of TC cells completely removed all Hepatitis B viruses from infected mice, but the injections killed only 5% of the infected liver cells. Explain how TC cells cured the mice XXXXXXXXXXA patient with AIDS has a low TH cell count. Why does this patient have trouble making antibodies? How does this patient make any antibodies?    3. Newborns (under 1 year) who contract dengue fever have a higher chance of dying from it if their mothers had dengue fever prior to pregnancy. Explain why XXXXXXXXXXA woman died from a Capnocytophaga bacterial infection introduced by a dog bite. Capnocytophaga kills only people who lack a spleen. What is the relationship between infection and the spleen
	
Document Preview: In this activity, you have the opportunity to apply your understanding of the human immune system based on your textbook readings and module videos. MICROBIOLOGY………………..DO NOT PLAGERIZE.  In your response, make it a learning teaching experience.  Using what you’ve learned from your reading, please respond thoughtfully and in your own words to the following discussion questions. Number each question and be sure to back up statements of fact with cited sources. Your initial response should be at least 155 words (about one-half page).  Injections of TC cells completely removed all Hepatitis B viruses from infected mice, but the injections killed only 5% of the infected liver cells. Explain how TC cells cured the mice.A patient with AIDS has a low TH cell count. Why does this patient have trouble making antibodies? How does this patient make any antibodies?Newborns (under 1 year) who contract dengue fever have a higher chance of dying from it if their mothers had dengue fever prior to pregnancy. Explain why.A woman died from a Capnocytophaga bacterial infection introduced by a dog bite. Capnocytophaga kills only people who lack a spleen. What is the relationship between infection and the spleen?5. In this case history, a 49 year-old man handled a parakeet with a respiratory illness on February 7. On March 9, he experienced intense pain in his legs, followed by severe chills and headaches. On March 16, he had chest pains, cough, and diarrhea, and his temperature was 40°C. Appropriate antibiotics were administered on March 17, and his fever subsided within 12 hours. He continued taking antibiotics for 14 days. Identify each period in the pattern of disease that he experienced. Note: The disease is psittacosis. Can you find the etiology?6.  Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is prevalent in AIDS patients. In an effort to determine the source of this infection, hospital water systems were sampled. The water contained chlorine. What is the usual method of...

Robert · Accepted Answer

1. Injections of TC cells completely removed all Hepatitis B viruses from infected mice, but 
the injections killed only 5% of the infected liver cells. Explain how TC cells cured the mice. 
This is usually assumed that viral clearance is chiefly governed by the antigen-specific T 
cells that could also lead towards destruction of infected cells, but it is not true in the case of all 
viruses. A current research study based on a transgenic mouse infected by Hepatitis B virus has 
revealed that  adoptively transmitted, virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc cells) are able 
to remove Hepatitis B virus through interrupting with expression of its genes and during this 
task, they do not exhibit any adverse impact on hepatocytes (liver cells). It can be possible due to 
the cytokines generated by Tc cells after detection of antigen(s). This is renowned as 
noncytopathic cytokine-dependent 'curative' procedure which can boost the shielding effect(s) of 
immune system in a significant manner. That’s why; researchers are trying to find out the 
importance of curative methods of viral elimination in other models of viral diseases too (Chisari 
& Ferrari, 1995). 
2. A patient with AIDS has a low TH cell count.  
(i) Why does this patient have trouble making antibodies?  
Though, cellular and humoral immunity appear diverse by nature, but according to 
experts, a close linkage can be identified between them. In fact, after recognition of surface 
markers present on  cells/ antigens,  T-helper cells send signal to killer CD-8
+
 cells so that, these 
could struggle against such harmful agents. Besides, cytokines can also be liberated by T-cells 
that may induce B-cells for antibody production. For that reason, if TH cell count is reduced then 
generation of antibodies may also get affected in an adverse mode for instance, in AIDS patients
HIV may spoil T-cell repertoire which can lead towards the development of opportunistic 
illnesses due to suppression of cellular and humoral immune response (Baehrecke, 2002). 
(ii) How does this patient make any antibodies? 
Above problem might be overcome with the help of IL-2 that can assist T-helper cells in 
production of sufficient replicas so that, these could defeat the harm done by HIV and stimulate 
the production of antibodies too (Costello et al., 2009). 
3. Newborns (under 1 year) that contract dengue fever have a higher chance of 
dying from it if their mothers had dengue fever prior to pregnancy. Explain why. 
Dengue may predispose to definite pregnancy complications which can prove to be 
terminal for an infant. For example, due to transplacental infection harsh fetal or neonatal 
illnesses can take place. Besides, because of presence of maternal antibodies in infants risk of 
Severe dengue /Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) can be increased in them. Dengue 
Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) can be defined as an acute, life-threatening, capillary leak syndrome 
which might occur because of dengue virus infection (Costello et al., 2009). 
Though, its pathogenesis could not be understood clearly, yet according to the researches, 
infants (less than 1 year) infected with dengue virus can be called at high risk for DHF if they 
contain maternal antibodies to dengue virus at sub- neutralizing levels means; DHF can occur 
due to antibody enhancement of viral infection. Virus enhancement happens due to presence of 
sub- neutralizing levels of maternal placentally transferred antibodies to dengue virus which can 
cross-link virus and Fc receptor-bearing cells like macrophages.

Using what you’ve learned from your reading, please respond thoughtfully and in your own words to the following discussion questions. Number each question and be sure to back up statements of fact...

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