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Dr Shweta answered on
Oct 27 2022
Taksh Patel
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Advantages and challenges of Bio-fa
ication for diagnosis and treatment of human diseases.
Table of content
1. Introduction
2. Biofa
ication for the Diagnosis of Human diseases
3. Biofa
ication for the Treatment of Human diseases
4. Advantages and Challenges of Biofa
ication
5. Conclusion
1.INTRODUCTION:
Biofa
ication is an upcoming field that provides an impact on the research areas of life sciences and medicine. The input of the two-emerging state-of-the-art biofa
ication and organ-on-a-chip– technology is a radical in the field of biomedical research areas. These technologies are capable to fa
icate the progressive in vitro tissue/organ models which are an exact replica of the in-vivo biological systems. Biofa
ication has the potential to transfigure biomedical research in the upcoming era [1, 2]. It is one of the strategies to provide novel treatments for various diseases. Biofa
ication involves cells of the body, biomaterials, as well as bio-factors as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Applications of Biofa
ication
Image Courtesy: https:
www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2020.620962/full
Biofa
ication in its evolution also impacts additional research arenas as well that allows the fa
ication of several tissue models with diversified complexities similar to that of the natural subtleties of the living tissues [3,4]. Bio-fa
icated structures are distinguished as biomedical products which include drugs and biological devices. Biofa
ication encompasses technologies such as imaging, mapping, and printing to generate varied medical devices based on the anatomy of a patient. Biofa
ication constructs can be employed for the designing of in-vitro 3D models and tissue regeneration. The
anch of Biofa
ication is maturing at a higher pace and hence scientists with diverse backgrounds are connecting with this field to elucidate the association between the diverse notions, technologies, and metaphors of biofa
ication which are frequently used conflictingly in the contemporary literature [5,6]. In the arena of regenerative medicine, biofa
ication is related to the mechanically generated and structurally ordered functional biological products made up of living cells, biologically active molecules, synthetic or natural biomaterials, microtissues or cell aggregates. These products are designed by the process of bioprinting. It provides a prodigious advancement for tissue engineering especially for the replacement and repair of faulty organs in the human body by performing tissue-specific diagnoses and developing particular drugs.
2. Biofa
ication for the Diagnosis of Human diseases
An accurate clinical diagnosis requires the detection of biomarkers in the blood sample. For this purpose, many fa
icated structures can be used. Studies have also reported the 3D-based fa
ication of biomaterials for the detection of various diseases. Biofa
ication, which utilizes biomaterials and their mechanisms for construction provide a way to extent the fa
ication architypes through convergent tactics for the construction of bio–device interfaces. Liu et al 2010 [4] reported in their review article about the application of Biofa
ication strategies for the building of biology-device interface. They mentioned that the usage of biological constituents and underlying physiologies for the creation of artificial tissues and organs is the Biofa
ication which provides the prospective to span these fa
ications for therapeutic purpose via building the core bio-device interface. For the purpose of biofa
ication those materials which are stimuli-responsive like film producing polysaccharides are used. These materials help in the directed gathering of cells nearly similar to their natural physiological conditions and respond as per the signals imposed by the device. Biofa
icated constructs are helpful in the diagnosis of disease, detection of pathogens and discovery of target-oriented drugs. Integration of biofa
ication with electronics helps to develop the specific implantable devices for the purpose of transplantation, therapeutic drugs and regenerative medicines [4].
Biosensors play a vital role in biofa
ication. Advances in 3D biofa
ication will explore to use and availability of biosensors with their impact on disease diagnosis. Recent advances in cell-based biofa
ication technologies enables the growth and encapsulation of live cells in a 3D atmosphere. Soy et al 2022 [5] reported in their research article about the application of Biofa
ication in the designing of nano-biosensors based on thermo-enzymes. Enzyme biosensors have been commonly used for disease detection. Owing to enzyme stability robust thermozymes exhibiting unique properties have provided a way for the biofa
ication of stable biosensors. They also mentioned that biofa
ication strategies are very significant for the creation of unswerving eco-friendly and economically feasible technologies based on nanostructures having wide applicability and benefits for industries in the nea
y future. Many reports have suggested biofa
ication technologies in tissue engineering for the diagnose neuromyopathic diseases, congenital heart diseases particularly those with genetic mutations, such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, and Alzheimer's disease [6]. The novel organ-on-a-chip biodevices have been detected to provide a solution to diagnose viral infections in human tissues thus providing a solution for the screening of antiviral therapeutics [7].Â
Mirzaei et al 2021 [8] reported in their review article about the Biofa
ication of protein-based three-dimensional biomaterials. They mentioned that peptide-based hydrogels act as a suitable biomaterial ink that has the potential to incorporate numerous cells and imitate the function of the extracellular matrix. Hence, it is a potential biomaterial candidate for the purpose of 3D printing and for the targeted biomaterials engineering. Proteins are the chosen substrate as they have many functional groups that acts as their reactive sites and helps in the enzymatic alterations, chemical amendments, gelation or physical cross-linking indispensable for the creation of filament of the printing processes.
3. Biofa
ication for the Treatment of Human diseases
The goal of biofa
ication in the treatment of human diseases is to generate tissues and organs artificially thus revolutionizing the paradigm of clinical practice. This paves a way for the treatment of various diseases and increases the life span of human beings. This is possible through tissue engineering technology. Biofa
ication is one of the upcoming technologies used by bioengineers. It mainly involves 3D bioprinting which provides cutting-edge approaches and offers reliable and cost-effective biological solutions.One of the important challenges in biofa
ication is the fa
ication of large organs under in vitro conditions which have dense living cells. It has been used in different medical fields for the treatment of diseases. In orthopaedics, biomaterials have been used as implants to treat musculoskeletal disorders.
For example, Naghieh et al 2021 [9] mentioned in their review article about the different Biofa
ication strategies for musculoskeletal disorders. They reported that for the treatment of disorders related to bones, muscles, ligaments and tendons biofa
ication techniques are widely used for the recapitulation of composition, structure and cellular heterogeneity of the injured or diseased part. The harmonious biological and physical properties help to imitate the in-vivo tissue structures. In Biofa
ication, cells, polymeric biomaterials and biological factors are combined together to make the bioinks. These bioinks are then delivered at a desired location in an accurate pattern to reiterate the injured or damaged elements of the heterogeneous tissues. The biomaterials applied here can be the inert metals, plastics, ceramics or the natural polymeric material like the chitosan, collagen, gelatin etc. as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Biofa
ication of Musculoskeletal tissues
Image Courtesy:...