Bio 280
BIOL260
Study Guide for Exam #1
(Chapters 1, 3, 6, and 4)
This is provided as a guide to some of the most important concepts covered in each chapter. You are responsible for all material covered in lecture, even if it is not represented on this outline. Use your lecture notes and homework to help you focus on the most important material covered in this chapter.
Chapter 1: Humans and the Microbial World
1. What is microbiology and why should we study it?
2. How did the following scientists contribute to microbiology: Leewenhoek, Janssen, Hooke, Redi, Spallanzani, Virchow, Tyndall, Koch, and Pasteur.
3. What are some products made with the help of microbes?
4. What organisms are found within the category of microbiology? What characteristics make them unique?
5. What types of organisms are found in the domain Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea? What is the basis for the classification of organisms into these three domains? How are the organisms in the Bacteria domain similar to the organisms in the Archaea domain? How are they different?
6.
What are the similarities and differences between viruses, viroids, and prions?
7.
What is the nomenclature followed to name bacteria?
8.
What is the average size of bacteria?
Chapter 2: Chemistry
You will not be tested on this chapter but it is important that you understand the concepts.
Chapter 3: Microscopy and Staining
1. What is a smear ? Why do you heat fix a smear?
2. Describe the principle of simple staining. What can you determine about an organism from a
simple stain?
3. What is a differential stain? Give an example of a differential stain.
4. Describe the four steps of the Gram stain and the purpose of each step. What physical
characteristic does it differentiate? What color are Gram + and Gram - cells?
5. Describe the following staining techniques and their uses: acid-fast staining, negative
staining, and endospore staining.
6. Know the parts of a
ight-field compound microscope and their function.
7.
Understand the function of the following types of microscopes: phase-contrast, dark-field,
fluorescence, transmission electron, and scanning electron. Be able to give an example of when you would use each kind of microscope.
8.
Understand the differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell.
9.
Know the various shapes of bacteria and the typical cell groupings.
10. Describe the following cell structures and their function: glycocalyx (differentiate between a
capsule and a slime layer), flagella, pili, fim
iae, cell wall (know the complete composition), cytoplasmic mem
ane, chromosome, plasmid, periplasm, cytoplasm, nucleoid, ribosomes, storage granule, endospore.
Be able to provide an example of an organism that contains a structure above using the
genus and species name.
11. Know the structures of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls.
12. Understand how lysozyme effects peptidoglycan?
13. Understand how penicillin effects peptidoglycan?
14. What is the function of endospores? How are they made? What are the steps in the synthesis of a spore? Name a bacterial genus that produces endospores.
15. Understand the different ways to transport material across a cytoplasmic mem
ane. Understand the different ways bacteria move material across a mem
ane such as facilitated diffusion and active transport mechanisms (transport systems that use proton motive force, transport systems that use ATP, and efflux pumps).
16. What are the functions of the bacterial cytoplasmic mem
ane?
17.
Review the parts of the eukaryotic cell. Which parts are thought to have evolved from bacteria?
Chapter 6: Microbial Metabolism
1. Define metabolism and describe the difference between anabolism and catabolism.
2. Define enzymes and their characteristics.
4. Understand the factors that influence enzyme activity: temperature, pH, substrate
concentration, and inhibitors.
5. What are cofactors? What are coenzymes?
6. Understand competitive and noncompetitive inhibition. Know an example of each.
7. Understand the following terms and processes: glycolysis, fermentation, Trica
oxylic Acid cycle (TCA), anaerobic and aerobic respiration, oxidation
eduction reactions, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, and substrate level phosphorylation.
8. For the major pathways discussed, understand what is the starting material, what is made in the process, and what is the final product.
9. What is the difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation? How do they differ in
the amount of energy (ATP) produced? What is the final electron acceptor in each
pathway?
10.
What is the final end product from fermentation of glucose by E. coli? By lactic acid bacteria? By Saccharomyces?
11. What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration? Do they differ in the amount of energy (ATP) produced? What is the final electron acceptor in each pathway?
12. What is unique with the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
Chapter 4: Prokaryotic Growth
1.
Understand what is meant by generation time, and binary fission. Do all organisms have the same generation time? Be able to use the formula on p. 93 to calculate the number of cells in a population after a given amount of time.
2.
What is a biofilm? What are some medical applications/examples of biofilms? Are all biofilms damaging?
3.
What is the definition of a pure culture? What are some techniques used to determine if a sample is pure? How are stock cultures maintained?
4. Explain how physical conditions such as temperature, pH, and oxygen can influence
acterial growth.
5. What is the optimum temperature for growth of psychrophiles, psychrotrophs, mesophiles, and thermophiles?
6. What are the basic chemical requirements for bacterial growth?
7. What is the difference between chemically defined media and complex media? Know
examples of each.
8. What are selective media? What are differential media? Know some examples of each.
9.
Know the definitions of the following terms: photoautotroph. photoheterotroph, chemoautotroph, and chemoheterotroph
10. Be able to look at a recipe and determine what kind of microbe would grow on it, for example, chemoheterotroph, photoautotroph, etc.
11.
Be able to recognize a bacterial growth curve and identify the phases of growth.
Which growth phase is best used for experimentation and why? When are primary metabolites produced? Secondary metabolites?
12. Review the following methods to determine the number of bacteria
-Direct cell counts
direct microscopic count
coulter counte
flow cytomete
-Viable Cell Counts
plate count
-Measuring Biomass
tu
idity
Which methods measure living cells and which measures both living and dead cells?
13.
What is a chemostat?