Assignment 1_VT COURSE EDUC_711Z Terrorism: Roots, Causes & Diversity Assignment 1: Violence and Terrorism Annual Editions 15th Edition Name: Stephen Eaton Address: 25 Franklin St #2718, Westport, CT...

1. Creating a universally accepted definition of te
orism is hard because the term has been charged emotionally and politically having impact on perception of individuals regarding same. Thus, it becomes challenging to be specific regarding targets, motives as well as methods as they differ extremely from case to case. Also, the untangling complexity overlaps within these categories making to define it under one universally accepted definition impossible.
2. It is necessary to have a universally accepted definition of te
orism so as to fight the threat and serving guidelines in prosecution of the te
orists being suspected. Also, the legal universally accepted definition is crucial for governance as well as society in order to enable the prosecuting and investigating the te
orists successfully with the well established judicial system.
3. False
4. As per NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) under the section of definitions and Glossary of terms of AAP-06 NATO section, Edition 2019, Te
orism is the unlawful or threatened use of violence or force that instills te
or and fear against property or individuals towards the attempt of intimidating or coercing societies or governments or for gaining control on a population for achievement of religious, political or ideological objectives.
5. Since 1972, the Ad Hoc Committee, te
orism of 6th legal general assembly committee has been trying to reach legal definition of te
orism with some interyptions but all in vain. It is a contested concept but the latest outcome is revised definition which resulted from 3 consultation rounds among academics as well as other professionals. The definition is “Te
orism refers, on the one hand, to a doctrine about the presumed effectiveness of a special form or tactic of fear-generating, coercive political violence and, on the other hand, to a conspiratorial practice of calculated, demonstrative, direct violent action without legal or moral restraints, targeting mainly civilians and non-combatants, performed for its propagandistic and psychological effects on various audiences and conflict parties”.
6. Three contexts of Te
orism as tactics are as follows-
· Illegal state repression
· Propagandistic agitation through the non state actors in peaceful times or outside conflict zones.
· As illicit tactic of i
egular warfare that is employed by non state as well as state actors.
7. They are generally non combatants, civilians or other defenseless and innocent individuals being no direct responsibility for conflict that gave rise to te
orism acts.
8. True
9. Primary difference is that te
orism is predominantly political in its motivation having societal repercussions wherein intention to kill people is mean to affect others whereas the war crimes and organized crimes kills innocent people as side effect, the core motivation or target is different in these cases.
10. Year 1963
11. The method of producing one of more robust te
orism definitions was by surveying 200 leading academics in te
orism studies field wherein the research question asked was to define te
orism to each of the expert. Alex and Albert received 109 responses wherein they found 22 phrases or words reoccu
ing across the definitions. On average, each definition by expert included 8 or these words or phrases hinting towards possibility of core understanding of te
orism. Their conclusion are quite accurate as if 109 responses resembles in some 8 specific terms or phrases, certainly there are chances to reach to a particular definition and core concept.
12. Two potential reasons are-
· Some actions are not intended to be defined as te
orists by them.
· They want to term something te
orist where that is inappropriate word in that case.
13. The shift in Al-Qaeda towards individual jihadists is due to the extreme pressure on cu
ent sanctuaries of Al-Qaeda a
oad.
14. Al-Qaeda tends to suggest that Jihadists or operatives must take advantage of opportunities in the home country like learning from literature on internet or procurement of firearms legally. This is because their security risk is quite less in this case and also it keeps them anonymous.
15. Jihadists are able to learn skills on internet because of availability of abundance of training literature on radical forums online. Also the online courses organized by Jiho
yists and the forum administrators supports learning along with audio visual learning materials along with written compendiums. These online resources if used in systematic way are beneficial and highly effective. Other benefits include all time support from administrator, guidance, very less or no compromise on security.
16. Abu Abdul Rahman al-Muhajir whose real name was Muhsin Musa Mat-Wakku Atwah was Al-Qaida’s chief bombmaker. He was an Egyptian who constructed bombs for east African embassay bombings in 1998 initially and later worked as bomb maker and trainer for Al-Qaida in Afganistan.
17. Adnan Shukri’s online course was for beginners in science of explosives and poisons. He posted lessons to teach making of explosives, assigned homework and answered questions both in open forum as well as via personal messaging. Basically course was intended to teach making of special explosives for the beginners.
18. Because they tends to provide lessons and offers a platform to get started.
19. False
20. It is available on internet making them always available and dangerous.
21. Because this way single cell destruction would affect larger environment too.
22. DHS studies non- Islamic domestic te
orism and issues respective confidential reports. This department has gone dormant because of criticism and unfortunate happenings, events and false accusations.
23. This is because there were several assaults, killings, ro
ery and unpleasant incidents like sleeper cell activations, threats to police, threat of attacks happened wherein the attackers were not from single group but were part of a common network. This made the Charlie Hebdo incident challenging.
24. Need for new thinking, including full spectrum operational art, policing including operations like intelligence integration so as to support command. Real time intelligence as well as operational reports play vital role towards the development of situational assessments.
25. Social media can help tracking and developing situational awareness. Also, it can become key operational security concern as techniques, tactics and procedures for security forces are now
oadcasted in real time both new and conventional media and te
orists can track that presence.
26. True
27. FARC- Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia
28. To meld illegally acquired funds into legal market for obscuring the origination of funds.
29. Cyber te
orism is defined as premeditated, politically motivated attack against computer system, information, data and computer programs resulting in violence against the non combatant targets by clandestine agents or sub national groups.
30. This is because the impact on daily life of individual is less and the effect is quite short term. Due to least impact on fundamental life of individuals, cyber te
orists fail to have affected on intended targets.
31. To safeguard against te
orists using cyberspace for ill activities.
32. True
33. 10,000 to 17,000
34. Beheading of 19 Kafirs
35. Tower Hamlets is where the Shi’a-hating radical Saudi Cleric and head imam of Mecca, Sheikh Adel- al Kalbani went to meet local council leaders for private meeting in 2008.
36. Yes, missing 28 pages article of the congressional joint inquiry released was co
ect move to keep people posted and updated about scenario as well as to evoke and provoke them as much required action.
37. Five strategic purposes used by Iran are-
· Undermining and bleeding rivals
· Power projection and playing spoile
· Gaining voice in opposition councils
· Dete
ence
· Preserving options
38. False
39. To expand efforts with allies to fight Iranian- backend te
orism including Hizballah.
40. This is important for US to set red line and must be decided in advance about what would be done in case red line is crossed and ability to ca
y out responses.
41. False
42. Survival of Islamic revolution in Iran.
43. Two very different interpretations of the "state of the world" and the threat that transnational te
orism posed for the United States were:
· Position adopted by Bush administration and echoed in statements of president Obama about the degrade ISIS/ISIL that transnational poses an existential threat to the security of US.
· Transnational te
orism does not pose security threat and must be treated as crime.
44. Te
orists attacks that are designed to possess mass causalities are known as Black Swans.
45. False
46. Goal of ISIS in North Africa is to assist the insurgency groups to establish Islamic states in their respective countries. Benefit would be that these states would become part of larger Islamic caliphate that would dominate globe in time as envisioned by ISIS.
47. Tunisian government sources recently released statistics stating that ___2560___ of their own citizens have fought in __Syria____. Of these fighters, _80_____ percent are believed to have been recruited into ___ISIS___
48. Jihadists
49. No, Nigeria's militant Islamist group Boko Haram is not directly affiliated with ISIS. However, ISIS has been an inspiration for Boko Haram and thus it does post videos similar to ISIS.
50. Al-Qaeda is motivated by the political beliefs whereas ISIS' motivation for their te
or acts is from publicity seeking and acquisition of te
itory to empower a dictatorial leadership.
51. False
52. Four categories are-
· Ethno-nationalist separatism
· Left ideological
· Religious extremist/ sectarian
· Externally organized
53. _Democracy_____ may be an antidote to __Te
orism_____, but its lack or absence in a country or a region cannot be construed as a __principal cause of te
orism____
54. Role of external support is one of the key elements that sustain te
orism.
55. State must follow law and not retaliate indiscriminately. Negotiations should be hallmark. Actions by armed forces of states are must to combat te
orism.
56. Social, economic and political change.
57. As per Kennedy, to safeguard security interest, poverty and oppression must be addressed which seems to be fertile
eeding ground for communism.
58. Collapse of Soviet union resulted in replacement of long lived anti communism policy by a war against drugs policy as vital domestic issues in US politics especially in context of Columbia.
59. By facilitating open communication along with helping disabuse prejudices and misconceptions. It will also help dissolving rigidity of thinking and help acknowledging history, creating sharing environment, promote individual healing, humanize the enemy, unblock empathy and encourage reconciliation of differences. Altogether, it would help in providing the necessary foundation for the peaceful resolution of this 50 year conflict.
60. True
61. Groups in form of domestic militants and conservative special interest causes are the left extremist groups.
62. Right wing extremists champion a wide range of causes that includes racial supremacy, hatred and suspicion of federal government, as well as fundamentalist Christianity.
63. Illegal methods of protest by sabotaging and vandalizing property.
64. two levels of memberships is distinct on the basis of causing economic damage as possible to a given entity that is profiting off the destruction to environment and life of selfish greed and profit. Another membership is on basis of offering education to public on atrocities that are committed against life and environment. Organization can support by taking all necessary steps and precautions against harming life.
65. False
66. Green Anarchism is the anarchist school of thoughts which focuses and emphasizes completely on the environmental issues.
67. Advantages-
· Supported more by the ideologies than organization.
· can avoid the ideological disputes and infighting that plague radical groups
· The effects of their operations, as reported by the mass media, act as a sort of messaging and recruitment advertising.
68. There was first decline in radical right in America in 2013 after reelection of president Obama. Hate groups reduced and shrieked mainly the patriot anti government groups. Two issues energized these radical rights to wallow unhappily in losses including advance of same sex ma
iages and national health care reform, the failure of various nightmarish predictions to materialize, and Obama’s re-election.
69. A Fairleigh Dickinson University poll last spring showed that __29% Americans____ think that armed rebellion might soon be necessary.
70. True.
71. In upstate New York, Glendon Crawford, a united Northern and Southern Knights of Ku Klux Klan member was a
ested and charged for working to construct X-ray weapon that he used on crowds of muslin. This is called “Hiroshima on a light switch”. It is associated with Ku Klux Klan group.
72. (ISIS) Islamic state of Iraq and Syria
73. Spike may be attributed to increase in te
orist’s propaganda, specifically from ISIS calling on followers to commit a domestic attack.
74. radicalization and recruitment today is focused in online spaces enabling te
orists to reach, motivate ad recruit would be extremists more effectively and quickly than ever before while eliminating the need for face to face, in person interactions.
75. The future of te
orism was changed by the 1972 Olympic...