Skin XXXXXXXXXXanatomy of the skin, including histology of both dermis and epidermis: structure, layers, cell types, mitotic activity of stratum basale XXXXXXXXXXskin functions: defense barrier, thermoregulation (negative feedback mechanism XXXXXXXXXXaccessory structures: glands (sweat, sebaceous: secretion mechanisms, secretion products, location on body), hair (just structure of hair, types of skin where hairs are present XXXXXXXXXXskin pigmentation: cells, mechanism of melanin deposition, function of pigment XXXXXXXXXXburns: degrees, definitions, extent.
Bones XXXXXXXXXXgross anatomy of bones: classification by shape; gross anatomy of long bones XXXXXXXXXXsupporting structures: tendons, ligaments, bursar, tendon sheath XXXXXXXXXXhistology of osseous tissue: organic and inorganic matrix, ground substance, protein fibers, role of each. Structure and function of osteons in secondary/lamellar bone XXXXXXXXXXbone textures: compact, spongy; microanatomical features XXXXXXXXXXfunction of red and yellow bone marrow XXXXXXXXXXbone cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts; functions of each XXXXXXXXXXossification: generalities of intramembranous and endochondral mechanisms, body locations of bones that ossify with each mechanism XXXXXXXXXXbone growth: longitudinal (role of the epiphyseal plates and division of chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage); appositional (osteoblast activity that produces additional concentric lamellae XXXXXXXXXXmain factors that control bone growth: hormones (GH, estrogen, testosterone XXXXXXXXXXregulation of calcium homeostasis (role of thyroid/calcitonin, parathyroid/PTH and the respective negative feedback loops in response to hypo/hypercalcemia).
Joints XXXXXXXXXXjoint classification: structural and functional XXXXXXXXXXexamples of: suture, gomphosis, synchondrosis XXXXXXXXXXstructure of synovial joints: synovial membrane, synovial fluid XXXXXXXXXXclassification of synovial joints by axes of movement (uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial XXXXXXXXXXclassification of synovial joints bystructure: ball and socket, saddle, hinges XXXXXXXXXXmovements allowed by synovial joints: gliding, abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, hyperextension, etc.
Muscle XXXXXXXXXXgross anatomy of skeletal muscles XXXXXXXXXXmicroscopic anatomy of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissue; structure of the sarcomere (focus on Z discs, M line, A band, I band); thin and thick filaments, proteins that form them XXXXXXXXXXfunctions of muscle XXXXXXXXXXproperties of muscle tissue/muscle cells XXXXXXXXXXthe motor unit (definition, structure, types: fine motor control, coarse motor control XXXXXXXXXXthe neuromuscular junction: structure, function XXXXXXXXXXmuscle excitability: electrical properties of the membrane, resting membrane potential, depolarization and repolarization; action potential XXXXXXXXXXmuscle contraction: excitation, excitation-contraction coupling; the cross-bridge cycle; end-plate potentials and function of ACh/ACh receptors, role of voltage-gated Na channels in action potential propagation; role of SR calcium channels and Ca2+ in contraction; role of ATP and myosin activity during X-bridge cycle; the power stroke; factors necessary to sustain the cycle (motoneuron stimulus, ATP availability XXXXXXXXXXmuscle relaxation: role of ACh-esterase, voltage-gated K+ channels, Na+/K+ pump, Ca2+ pump in the SR XXXXXXXXXXenergy sources for muscle contraction: immediate, glycolytic, oxidative XXXXXXXXXXmuscle twitch and generation of muscle tension; understanding the short refractory period of skeletal muscle cells; wave summation (fused vs. unfused tetanus), importance of sarcomere length XXXXXXXXXXtypes of fiber; slow vs. fast; type I, types IIa/IIab/IIb; general properties of each.