English language ruic.docxAcademic and Communication Skills Essay Writing Ruic Task...

Question

English language ruic.docxAcademic and Communication Skills Essay Writing Ruic    Task response    Good response        Satisfactory response        Unsatisfactory response        Links    PurposeUnderstanding and addressing the task    Appropriate, relevantKey points covered        Understands the task and the information but not all key points are included or fully developed        Not demonstrated an understanding of the topicInformation often inaccurate or ielevant        Planning and assignment    Structureargumentintroductionconclusion paragraphs    Easy to followClear argumentContext, topic and main ideasSumming upOne main idea (in a topic sentence); linked to overall idea        Not always easy to followEvidence of an overall argument, does not address the three main areas adequatelyConclusion attempted but does not appropriately sum up the argument presented; main idea not always clea        Difficult to followargument attempted but does not fully address the context, topic and main ideasno clear conclusionlacks a main idea         Essay structureQuicktipEssay structure Tutorial     ResearchIntegrating evidence Paraphrasing/ synthesisingReferencing citing    Paraphrases and synthesises information in own words; Quotes used sparingly Information is coectly referenced –in-text and in reference list        Some ability to express ideas in own wordsAware of required system and how it should be used        Relies heavily on words and passages copied from textsReferencing  requirements not followed        ParaphrasingParaphrasing tutorialIntegrating references Referencing -     SentencesGrammar Vocabulary Spelling    Range of sentencesFew eorsGood use of appropriate wordsCoect        Some eors but do not interfere with meaningVocabulary adequate for the task occasional eors. Some difficulty with subject-specific words, termsGenerally coect,  some eors        Eors are frequent, making understanding difficultLimited vocabulary, words often incoect or incoectly usedNumerous eors, spell check not used         Sentence constructionSpelling     Feedback    Writing communicates meaning clearly and achieves purpose of the task        Writing generally communicates effectively but logic and meaning not always clea        Logic and meaning not clear          AB614- GUIDELINES FOR ORAL PRESENTATIONONPS2388 - GUIDELINES FOR UNDERGADUATE REPORTThe report forms part of the assessment for the course- it is worth 35% of the final mark. The report is to be submitted through the Turnitin Assessment task dropbox. Late submission will be penalised at 2 marks per day. Extensions only by Special Consideration application.As a general indication, the Turnitin % match should be less than 10%. The way to ensure this is to write everything yourself! Do not copy and paste, even if you reaange. This is plagiarism. You can submit to Turnitin as often as you like up to the due date. Just overwrite the old submission.The report should be up to 2000 words in length, excluding references. Put the word count on the Title page. No listed word count, or exceeding the limit, will lose a mark.Topic:Discuss the concept of vaccination. What are the various types of vaccinations, and how do they stimulate the various arms of the immune system? Give some examples of various types of vaccines. What are some of the newer types of vaccines in development?Write one section (several paragraphs) on the various vaccines against Covid-19. Information about this can be found at the WHO website, and in the PubMed literature. What are the advantages/disadvantages of the different Covid vaccines?The style is relatively flexible, but should contain such divisions as a Title page, table of contents, introductory paragraph, various sections describing your findings, a concluding paragraph and bibliography. Figures are welcome, but if they are not your own, must be referenced.The report must include references from the primary literature (e.g. PubMed). Do not just cite URL's, lecture notes, Wikipedia etc. References must be cited coectly in-text and listed at the end of the report, using any standard referencing style. Example below.1 Drickamer, K XXXXXXXXXXC-type lectin-like domains. Cu. Opin. Struct. Biol. 9, 585–5902 Figdor, C.G., van Kooyk, Y. and Adema, G.J XXXXXXXXXXC-type lectin receptors on dendritic cells and Langerhans cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2, 77–843 Gantner, B.N., Simmons, R.M., Canavera, S.J., Akira, S. and Underhill, D.M XXXXXXXXXXCollaborative induction of inflammatory responses by dectin-1 and Toll-like receptor 2. J. Exp. Med. 197, 1107–1117Assessment The report will be assessed by the following criteria:Content: Quality of the vaccine overview and discussion of the examples chosen (Marked out of 15)You should have an introduction that describes the concept of vaccination, perhaps some of the history, and then describes in some detail the various types of vaccines, both in use and in development, including vaccines targeting Covid-19. A detailed basic summary of the immune system IS NOT required.Demonstration of Understanding of Immunological Principles and Applications (out of 12)You need to describe the immune mechanisms in good detail to get high marks. In particular, how is the immune system harnessed by the vaccines to elicit protective immunity?Quality of writing and communication/ Presentation/Logic/Flow of Report (out of 8)Grammar should be good, 2 marks off if lots of eors / typos. Referencing should be coect, and there should be at least eight recent publications (last three years). Total references should be 20-30.

Kalyan · Accepted Answer

1
	
CONCEPT OF VACCINATION
		1911 word
                                                                                            
Table of contents
Introduction …………………………………………………………………….. 3
History of vaccination …………………………………………………………   3
Types of vaccines………………………………………………………………..  3
Modes of preparation …………………………………………………………    4
Humoral immunity and infection……………………………………………..   5
Vaccines against COVID 19……………………………………………………  7
Advantages and disadvantages of Covid vaccination ……………………….    8
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….   8
The human body is an evolutionary miracle .Not only it is a self-sufficient system, but it has the potential to protect itself against foreign bodies invading it. From an immunological point of view, there are both external as well as internal barriers that help in providing defense to the body. The immune system consist of cells and proteins in the blood that interact with the foreign antigen to produce an immune reaction in the body .The process of vaccination also uses immunological functions of the body to render protection against a pathogen . Vaccination basically refers to the introduction of a pathogen (either heat killed or live or proteins or genetically engineered to nullify serious infection ) in order to stimulate the immune response of the body to produce sufficient memory  B cells for future protection .The preparation of the pathogen for introduction refers to vaccine, the  act or process of transfer of the vaccine into the body is called vaccination and the effect of the vaccine  by which the person vaccinated acquires  immunity against the pathogen is called vaccination. 
Interestingly, the history of vaccines are not initiated form Jenner but rather pushes the date of initiation reference of the term to the later periods of the 18th century and by the 19th century , development of vaccines became a reality  . Major improvement in science and technology in later years led to the origin of vaccines by 21st century .The advent of molecular biology has also paved the path for development of vaccines of high fidelity and affectivity. However, the name of Edward Jenner must be mentioned who is regarded as the father of modern vaccination .He was also the pioneer in the development of concept of immunological memory against a particular pathogen and was also the pioneer of the concept of herd immunity. (Plotkin 2014).
Vaccines can be of different types based on their mode of preparation .The concept of preparation a vaccine  using the concept of attenuation was a slow development the idea of attenuation was developed by Pasteur who in association with his colleagues were successful in demonstrating the concept of attenuation initially with Pasteurella multicoda and then with Anthrax and rabies. Their initial attempts with attenuation involved the use of different factors like heat, oxygen stress but it later laved that for the development of in vitro serial cultivation technique (Calmette and Guèrin) .It was further enhanced by Theiler and Smith in 21st century (Plotkin 2014). In addition to that, with the advent of the cell culture techniques where the pathogen could be cultivated in vitro was revolutionary. The possibility of growth of viruses in culture media opened the possibility of vaccines like the oral polio vaccine .It became possible to induce adaptations in the target pathogen   and there are many examples like rubella vaccine, rotavirus vaccine etc.
Vaccines can also be prepared by other methods like reassortment where portions of the genome of some RNA viruses undergo rearrangement and have led to the development of vaccines; like live and inactivated influenza. This method does not produce the damaging effects of the pathogen but reassortment provides the ability for the generation of antibodies that are functional against the strain .Methods of inactivation of the pathogen by application of heat or chemicals was already known in the 19th century and this method of inactivation lead to the development of vaccines like typhoid, cholera, plague etc. (Sharma et al. 2020) The cellular polysaccharides can act as adjuvants that can develop the immunogenicity of the antigens thereby prompting stringer immune responses.

English language rubric.docx Academic and Communication Skills Essay Writing Rubric Task response Good response Satisfactory response Unsatisfactory response Links Purpose Understanding and addressing...

Solution

Answer To This Question Is Available To Download

Related Questions & Answers

Submit New Assignment