Find information about these drugs in regards to their pharmacological action andmechanism of action...

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Find information about these drugs in regards to their pharmacological action andmechanism of action on intestinal smooth muscle before proceeding with theexperiments.• Continue with the experiments as explained in the previous sections.• You will need to think about explanation for observed changes.
	
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300884 Pharmacology

VIRTUAL EXPERIMENT ASSIGNMENT

Background and Aim: 
This virtual experiment is to evaluate selected drugs that can affect the contractility of the 
guinea pig ileum smooth muscle using the simulated program “Pharmacological Experiments 
on Isolated Guinea Pig Ileum”. Students will be provided a copy of the simulation program to 
work at their own pace for this assignment. Students need to click on the file Start.exe in the 
folder to open the program. The aim of this assignment activity is to provide an opportunity 
for you to design and perform experiments to (i) investigate the properties of agonist and 
antagonist drugs using the isolated ileum of the guinea pig, and (ii) investigate the 
pharmacological effect and mechanism of action of given antagonist drugs (assume as 
unknown samples) on the contractility of isolated guinea pig ileum. 
Experimental Setup: 
The software simulates an experimental setup on an isolated piece (about 2 cm) of guinea pig 
ileum removed from a freshly killed guinea pig and suspended in warmed and aerated 
physiological solution called Tyrode’s solution. The tissue is carefully suspended in an organ 
bath with the bottom end of the tissue fixed and the top end attached to a freely moving 
isotonic lever which is in turn connected to a transducer. The lever responds to the 
contractions of the longitudinal muscle in the ileum and the resulting movement is converted 
into an electrical signal by the transducer. The electrical signals are then sent to a chart 
recorder which displays the signals as a trace. The organ bath is kept at a constant 
temperature of 37C by means of a water jacket which circulates water at the required 
temperature. A variety of drugs are added into the organ bath to observe the effect on 
1intestinal contractility. The set up also allows examining how antagonists can interfere with 
agonists at tissue level. 
 
Experimental Procedure: 
• When...

David · Accepted Answer

ABSTRACT  
The pharmacological action of different drugs on the intestinal smooth muscles 
in pig was carried out to test the contractility of the muscles . the different drugs 
used may act as antagonists and also agonists . the major aim was to find out the 
properties of this drugs and also the mechanism of the drugs on the smooth 
muscle cells . the drugs such as acetyl choline, carbachol , methacholine, 
papaverine, atropine , mepyramine were used in this experiment . out of them 
the agonists were acetylcholine , carbachol , methacholine and the anatagonists 
were atropine ,mepyramine etc .  
INTRODUCTION  
The smooth muscles of the intestine in the pig is very well coordinated in their 
contraction and relaxation by the help of the nervous stimulation . the nervous 
stimulation is carried out by the presence of many cholinergic drugs or agonists 
which binds to the receptors present in the nerve endings . then they activate or 
deactivate a cascase of reactions that results in neuronal firing in the nerve cell. 
The agonists and antagonists mechanism of action can be simulated in the 
software of the virtual experiment also . here by the help of the software and a 
transducer what the mechanism of action operates in details is well studied by 
the person .by this simulation one can know the action of the drugs taking place 
in vivo and moreover the trace also tells what is the effective concentration of 
the drug at which the best action is carried out inside the muscle cells .  
ACTION AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION OF DRUGS ON 
INTERSTINAL SMOOTH MUSCLES  
The different kinds of drugs act upon the smooth muscles by their antagonistic 
or agonistic action . in the agonistic action they promote some kind of activity 
and in the other they depromote some physiological phenomena in the body.  
ACETYLCHOLINE  
This is a neurotransmitter drug which stimulates the electrical nerve fibres . this 
stimulus is carried further and manifested in the form of the muscular 
contraction be it ischaemic or non ischameic . the acetyl choline acts directly on 
the smooth muscle cell surface receptors . these kind of drugs activate 
postsynaptic receptors present in the smooth muscle cells (Bolbrino, e., and H. 
Kuriyama, 1963).This Stimulation of specific receptors starts the  contraction by 
G proteins activation which is  coupled to a cascade of downstream signaling 
pathways and effector proteins.These events gives rise to elevated intracellular 
calcium concentration, that activates myosin light chain kinase to phosphorylate 
and thereby activate myosin II, hence, causes contraction (Gerthoffer, 2005).
CARBACHOL
Carbachol is a synthetic choline ester which is agonistic in nature. It is agonistic 
in nature . it has typical muscarinic effects . Carbachol is known to depolarize 
intestinal smooth muscle (Bulbring & Kuriyama, 1963 ). Thus by this 
Depolarization increases the electrochemical potential of potassium inside the 
muscle fibre and hence increase its tendency to leave the fibre and then the 
contraction of the muscularis takes place accordingly . however the contraction 
done by the carbachol is more in magnitude than that of  the acetylcholine .
METHACHOLINE
It is a primary muscularis agonist which is used for studying the effective 
contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle cells in the intestine . it is non 
selective in nature .

Find information about these drugs in regards to their pharmacological action and mechanism of action on intestinal smooth muscle before proceeding with the experiments. • Continue with the...

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