Microsoft Word - Assignment 2 Template.docx
Assignment 2:
Deadline
April 01, 2022 at 11:59:59PM EST (1 second before midnight)
Upload your file as a PDF.
Important Details
• There are 3 questions, answer each question on a separate page.
• Write the assignment in your own words. If you copy & paste sentences, marks
could be deducted through the quality metric.
• For each question, reference the source of your answer. Meaning, your answer for
1a should be referenced, 1b should be referenced, and so forth.
• In text citations are required for your references. As an example, in text citations are
used to present the questions below.
Questions
1. Recent research indicates the cost of flooding events in Canada may triple by 2030
[1]. In this question we examine how flooding in the Ottawa river is controlled.
Hint: See Reference 2 [2], to help answer Questions 1a, 1b, 1c. The quality of your
question is worth 1pt.
a. How do we define flooding and what is the most common type of flooding in
Canada? (4 pts)
. What is the cause of flooding in the main stem of the Ottawa River? (2 pts)
c. What does the term "integrated management" mean? How is the "integrated
management" approach used to mitigate against floods? (3 pts)
2. Some of you may recall in 2019, a flooding event took place in Eastern Canada that
covered ON, QC, and NB . In this question, we will examine the event in detail.
Hint: See the Canadian Disaster Database [3], for Question 2a. You will need to find
eferences for 2b, 2c, 2d, and 2e on your own. A credible source is required for 2b. A
news article can be found for 2c. The quality of your answer is worth 3 pts.
a. Describe the event (8pts).
. What is the estimated cost from this event (1pt)
c. What is floodproofing (2pts)?
d. How have 3 neighbours along the Gatineau River floodproofed their homes
(1pts per strategy, 3 pts total)?
e. Describe infrastructure used for flood mitigation by a region outside of
Canada. (3 pts)
3. According to the Canadian Disaster Database [3], the 1998 ice storm is the costliest
natural disaster in Canadian history. We will examine the event in detail.
Hint: See the Canadian Disaster Database [3], for Question 3a and Reference #4 [4]
for Question 3c. You will need to find references to 3b and 3d on your own. The
quality of your answer is worth 3 pts.
a. Describe the event (8pts).
. Describe how this event formed (3pts).
c. What mitigation strategies have been applied to minimize damage from ice
storms? (3pts)
d. Describe infrastructure or enhancements made to infrastructure used for ice
storm mitigation by a region outside of Canada. (3 pts)
Other requirements
1. Maximum 3 pages. Formatting instructions are below.
2. You must reference where you find each answer and use in-text citations.
a. The remaining references should be from credible sources such as
government websites, government publications, and newspaper articles.
. Social media will not be accepted as a reference.
c. Wikipedia will not be accepted as a reference.
d. References can be on a separate page and will not count towards the page
count.
Format
A template is provided for you to use.
If you do not wish to use this document, your assignment must adhere to the following:
- 3 page maximum for the paper, references on a 4th page
- 1 inch margins on all sides
- Font types: Cam
ia, Cali
i or Arial
- Font size: 12
- Line spacing: 1.5 line
Grading
The assignment will be graded out of 50 pts and is worth 10% of your final grade.
The following penalties can be applied:
1. Maximum 5 pts deducted if the page limit is exceeded.
2. 5 pt penalty for each day the assignment is late. The maximum deduction will be 15
pts.
3. Maximum 5 pts deducted if the formatting guidelines not followed.
4. Maximum 2.5 pts deducted for each missing reference.
Questions
Questions regarding the assignment should be posted on the Forum.
Additional Tips
1. Use the entire page to answer each question.
2. Examine how many points each question is worth and make sure you provide
sufficient details to get your marks.
3. A title page is not necessary
4. Write objectively
a. Be
ief and straight to the point.
. Use numbers when possible. Avoid adjectives unless you cannot find the
applicable number.
5. References should use APA style or a style used in publications in your area of study.
You will not be graded based on the referencing style you choose, but the style
should be consistently applied for all references.
References
1. Rabson, Mia. "Canada’s flood costs may triple by 2030 if protections aren’t
improved: report". The Canadian Press. April 23, 2020
https:
globalnews.ca/news/6860318/canada-flood-costs-triple/
2. Ottawa River Regulation Planning Board (October 24, 2019). 2019 Spring Flood -
Questions and Answers.
https:
ottawariver.ca/information/publications/
3. Public Safety Canada (2021, December 20). Canadian Disaster Database.
https:
www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt
srcs/cndn-dsstr-dtbs/index-en.aspx
4. Komljenovic, Dragan & Lavoie, Maryse & Delourme, Benoît. (2019). Case study
series (WEC 2019): Extreme Weather, Ice Strom Canada 1998.
ERTH2415 Assignment 2
Template Instructions:
1. Read and delete everything that is highlighted in yellow before submitting.
2. Tip, if you are short on space, remove all empty lines and make sure you are using 1.5 spacing.
3. Each question should include an in text citation. Meaning Question 1a should be referenced where your answer(s) was found, Question 1b should have its own references, etc. The Instructions document provides examples of in text citation.
4. Each question should be on a separate page. There is a 3 page limit.
5. If possible, submit your assignment as a PDF. This will be beneficial if you have upload issues.
6. Post your questions on the forum.
1a. Definition of flooding.
[Write your answer here]
1b. Causes of flooding in the Ottawa River.
[Write your answer here]
1c. The “integrated management” approach.
[Write your answer here]
2ab. The 2019 Eastern Canada flood.
[Write your answer here]
[You can merge 2a with 2b. Don’t forget your in text citation]
2cd. Migitation by floodproofing
[Write your answer here]
[You can merge 2c with 2d. Don’t forget your in text citation]
2e. Flood mitigation strategies used outside of Canada
3a. The 1998 Eastern Canada ice storm.
[Write your answer here]
3b. How the 1998 ice storm formed.
[Write your answer here]
3c. Mitigation strategies against ice storms.
[Write your answer here]
3d. Ice storm mitigation strategies used outside of Canada
[Write your answer here]
References
1. Rabson, Mia. "Canada’s flood costs may triple by 2030 if protections aren’t improved: report". The Canadian Press. April 23, 2020
https:
globalnews.ca/news/6860318/canada-flood-costs-triple
2. Ottawa River Regulation Planning Board (October 24, XXXXXXXXXXSpring Flood - Questions and Answers.
https:
ottawariver.ca/information/publications
3. Public Safety Canada (2021, December 20). Canadian Disaster Database.
https:
www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt
srcs/cndn-dsstr-dtbs/index-en.aspx
4. Komljenovic, Dragan & Lavoie, Maryse & Delourme, Benoît XXXXXXXXXXCase study series (WEC 2019): Extreme Weather, Ice Strom Canada 1998.
[This page does not count towards your 3 page maximum]
[In MS Word, you can use “Insert” > “Cross Reference” to place an text citation in your answer. Using this method, you will be able to add references and MS Word will update the numbering by “right click” on the cross reference and click “update all”]
C A S E S T U D Y S E R I E S
This case study is part of an extreme weather impact project, in partnership with Swiss RE Corporate Solutions and Marsh & McLennan
Companies, which aims to identify and share best practice within the energy sector to enable more agile and adaptive response to extreme
weather and natural hazard impacts on energy systems and supplies.
CASE STUDY AT GLANCE
Between January 5 and 10, 1998, Québec experienced excep-
tionally harsh weather as three successive storms left up to
110 mm of ice over the south of the province. Though robust
and well-maintained, the Hydro-Québec (HQ) grid suffered
unprecedented damage. Thousands of poles, towers and kilo-
metres of lines fell, often through a domino effect, sometimes
increasing by 80% the time it took to restore service to cus-
tomers. In the days and weeks that followed, thousands of HQ
workers, with substantial support from colleagues from Qué-
ec companies and neighbouring electrical utilities, worked
elentlessly to restore power in the regions hardest hit. Follow-
ing the event, HQ made a series of major grid investments to
etter withstand the impacts of such extreme weather events.
This includes setting new construction standards to increase
the mechanical strength of the grid, vegetation control near
T&D lines and changing the configuration of the T&D system to
make energy sources more secure and to include redundant
sources of supply in case of line failures.
Ice storm
Hydro Quebec (HQ)
Generation, Transmission Distribution
(T&D)
Physical hardening, R&D, collaborations
and partnerships
This case study describes the events related to the exceptional
ice storm of 1998, which caused widespread damage to the
T&D system of HQ. The facts presented here are retrieved from
the enterprise’s technical documentation, presentations, papers
and archives, information available publicly at the HQ’s site
devoted to this event, as well as from findings and recom-
mendations presented by the Special Governmental Commis-
sion (Commission Nicolet) created following the ice storm.
XXXXXXXXXXM$ (Hydro-Quebec)
CONTEXT
Manages 63 hydroelectric power plants, 38 GW
approximately installed generation power, and 353
hydroelectric generators.
Operates the most extended and complex transmission
line network in North-America, with over 34,000 km
comprising high voltage (49 kV to 735/765 kV) lines and
533 transmission substations.
85% of concentrated load is located in the south within the
larger Montréal (Metropolitan) loop.
15 strategic inter-connections with neighbour grids for
exports/imports (Ontario, New Brunswick, NE USA).
Three episodes of freezing rain with average ice accretion
etween 50 and 70 mm. The regions of Outaouais,
Montérégie, Beauce and Montréal were the hardest hit
Storms damaged 24,000 poles, 900 steel towers
and 3,000 km of lines and left 1,393,000
customers without power.
The ice storm has had an overall cost to the
public finances of $1.656 billion with two-thirds
or $ 1.028 billion, was borne by the Québec
government, directly or through HQ.
- 1 -
EXTREME WEATHER CONDITIONS | ICE STORM | CANADA | JANUARY 1998
Starting on January 6, the ice storm hit the T&D system in and around Montréal hard. A short-circuit signal tripped switches that put
T&D lines out of commission. Ground wires sagged under the weight of the ice and the suspension system of many transmission lines
oke and fell, creating short circuits. Fasteners holding power lines and ground wires snapped under the heavy ice and some towers
were pulled down by the shift in load. When the transmission lines were no longer working, HQ used other circuits to provide service,
however these also collapsed, leading to a
eakdown in power supply. Although hydropower stations were still generating electrici-
ty, it could not get to the substations and the distribution system that would ca
y it to customers. In u
an areas, fallen
anches and
trees damaged distribution lines and poles, and in rural areas, transformers caught fire and power lines snapped under the weight of
the ice. Violent winds further damaged distribution lines.
RESILIENCE: RESPONSE AND RECOVERY
The whole society was mobilized in recovery activities. Every
afternoon at 5, the Quebec’s Premier Lucien Bouchard, HQ’s
President and CEO, André Caillé, and a representative of
the Organisation de la sécurité civile (ORSC) held a press
iefing to inform the public about the condition of the grid.
The aim was to provide accurate information and keep the
public informed at every stage of the response. The Québec
government became responsible for overseeing the entire
emergency response plan and maintaining the line of
communication between the public and civil society
organizations, HQ and the Canadian Armed Forces.
On January 10, the ORSC set ‘Operation Ice Storm’ into
motion, which comprised several work units, each charged
with a priority mission to assist disaster victims. Some 750
volunteers from government departments and agencies took
care of administration, food, financial assistance, firewood,
generators, accommodation and information. Close to 9,000
soldiers were called in to help pick up
anches, dispose of
oken parts of transmission and distribution lines, transport
new components for rebuilding lines and ensuring safety.
Thanks to their invaluable assistance, the ORSC, fire fighters,
police and HQ employees could concentrate on their own
essential duties. The media played a dual role in the ice storm.
Firstly, they provided information on the grid’s condition to
lackout victims and the public at large. They also reported
on events in the field and painted a picture of the situation,
complementing those of other players. People in disaster
areas especially appreciated radio coverage.
The main underpinning of the emergency response plan
was indisputably the mutual support of Quebecers in all
egions. Not only did they offer room and board to friends
and strangers alike but they generously donated cords of
firewood, generators, food and blankets. They ran shelters
and comforted victims. Some companies, like Zellers and
Walmart, provided blankets to the town of Saint-Jean-sur-
Richelieu and L’entrepôt RONA and Canadian Tire stayed
open around the clock so that people could buy tools to
clean up or rebuild.
From the very outset, HQ set up 30 missions to be deployed
in the affected areas. Each mission consisted of some
120 people, including a mission chief,