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Copyright © 2007, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers
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CONTENTS xvii
Dedicated to
My Parents
Shri Gopalrao and Gayabai KondalkarShri Gopalrao and Gayabai KondalkarShri Gopalrao and Gayabai KondalkarShri Gopalrao and Gayabai KondalkarShri Gopalrao and Gayabai Kondalka
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Preface
Globalisation, technology advancement, open market system and desire of human beings
to excel in the field one works has increased competitiveness and resultant work stress.
Management of human behaviour and chanalizing it into co
ect direction has become
important. Application of motivational theories, art of leadership and skill of redesigning
jobs and modification to organisational structure is an on going process that facilitates
positive work environment leading to increased job satisfaction of employees, greater pro-
ductivity and organizational growth. Due to scientific advancement managing human
esources is more challenging. It has been observed that everybody wants to catch up with
next higher strata of life style. Social obligations have increased and so has increased the
purchasing power, thanks to financial institutions who are doing a tremendous business of
financing individuals. This situation has led to designing an appropriate situational model
of managing human behaviour in varying conditions. There is no specific model for this
purpose. There are however standard models of behaviour that can be modified depending
upon the situation and applied in work settings. The traditional ways of managing orga-
nizations infact have fast diminished. New ways have emerged. The work is now being
accomplished by work teams and work groups. Participative decision making, delegation,
empowerment, TQM, flexible work time and many more such concepts have emerged.
Redesigning of work and organizational structure, regrouping, mergers have become the
order of the day. This has led to employees undergoing more stress. The book has at-
tempted to solve issues mentioned above in a systematic manner. An attempt has been
made to include various chapters that form the cu
icula of various universities across the
country. The book is written in a simple language supported by case at the end of the
chapter and various exercises on behavioural skills.
The book has been thoroughly prepared in terms of contents and its application. New
concepts of human behaviour have been included in the book. The book is intended for a
wider readership. It is not only useful to students of MBA but also to the students of MA
(psychology), students who have taken OB as one of the subjects for competitive examination,
practicing HR executives and for common person who would like to implement behaviou
modification. The book is also recommended for Defence Services Organizations with
particular requirement of junior leaders to manage soldiers.
Organisation of the book
The book has been divided into four parts. Part one titled “Introduction to Organizatiional
Behaviour” contains two chapters. Chapter 1 – Organizational Behviour, that deals with
introducing the subject, and studying various behavioural models for organizational effi-
ciency. Chapter 2 – deals with Evolution of Management Concepts. The aim of the this
chapter has been to make readers aware of the evolution of human behaviour. Individual
dimentions of organizational behaviour have been included in Part 2. It contains total of
six chapters. Chapter 3 – Individual dimentions of organizations behaviour covers various
factors that have direct impact on human behaviour. Special attention has been paid to the
topic of emotional competence and its impact on individual performance. Chapter 4 – deals
with personality. Apart from normal features of personality, traits of Indian managers find
its place. Chapter 5 – covers various models of learning. Value, attitude and job satisfac-
tion has been covered in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 – exclusively deals with various motiva-
tional theories. Perception and individual decision making is included in Chapter 8.
Part three contains seven chapters. Chapter 9 deals with group behaviour. Transactional
analysis has been covered in chapter number 10. Management of conflict in chapter numbe
11 and Stress management in chapter number 12. Dynamics of communications in chapte
number 13. Power and politics and Leadership have been covered in chapter numbers 14
and 15 respectively. Part four relates to dynamics of organization. Organizational structure
has been covered in chapter 16. Job design and Management of change have been covered
in chapters 17 and 18 respectively. Organizational development, Organizational culture
and climate have been covered in chapters 19 and 20. I have tried to write the book in
simple language so that it is interesting to read. Concepts have been explained with the
help of flow charts. Most of the chapters have case study at the end and skill development
exercises have been given wherever it is desired. Text questions at the end of the chapters
have been aimed at assimilation by the reader.
In the process of writing the book I have consulted many books, papers and cases of
various eminent and distinguish writers. Without their literature, the book would not
have seen the light of the day. I have tried to acknowledge their contribution whereve
possible. Notwithstanding the above, I would like to convey my deep gratitude to each one
of them including those whose names do not appear. I am personally grateful to Dr. Upinde
Dhar and Dr. M.L. Bhasin for I could include few of their valuable cases in the book.
Author wishes to acknowledge the support and guidance rendered by Shri Sanjay Pande,
Chairman, VNS Group of Educational Institutes, Bhopal and Prof. P.K. Chopra, Director,
VNS Institute of Management. I am thankful to Dr. V.D. Garde, Colonel N.P. Dixit, Prof.
H.N. Dhabalia, Prof. S.K. Yadav, Dr. Rajesh Tripathi and Dr. Kalpana Dixit for encouraging
me to complete the project. I am grateful to all my colleagues namely Prof. Archana Nema,
Dr. Abhaya Swarup, Dr. Neeraj Singh, Prof. C. Rama Gopal, Prof. Akhilesh Mittal, Prof.
Sameer Sharma and Prof. Sumit Kishore Mathur, Hema Chhura, Krati Misra and Neha
Patel, who have been the source of inspiration and have helped me in co
ecting the script.
I am also thankful to Shri Vikas Varshney who has assisted me in typing. Mrs. Rashmi
Mishra, the li
arian of the institute and Shri Leeladhar have been of great help to me.
I have received valuable suggestions from my daughter Ujwala who is working as
Editor, Hindustan Times, Bhopal and my Son-in-law, Shri Sudeep. My Son, Major Rahul
and daughter–in–law Captain Anuradha enriched the script by valuable tips which are
distinctly visible in the book. Last but not the least my wife Kranti has bear the most, right
from the inception of the book till its publication. She has been a source of inspiration, a
viii PREFACE
guide, and a silent spectator in her “Wheel Chair” while I would write or be engaged
elsewhere. She would push me to expedite the progress all though. I am thankful to
Shri. Saumya Gupta, Managing Director and all the staff of New Age International
Publications, New Delhi who have taken great pains to print a very attractive book in
ecord time. I am sure they will continue to give the same support in future too.
I hope the book will meet the requirement of students, academicians, professionals
and a common person who has interest in the study of behaviour science. Any suggestions
or modification to the script is welcome.
V.G. KONDALKAR
Email : XXXXXXXXXX
“DOGRA HOUSE”
C-89, Sarvadharma Colony
Kolar Road
Bhopal (MP XXXXXXXXXX
6th November, 2006
PREFACE ix
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Contents
Preface vii
Part One: Introduction to Organizational Behaviou
Chapter 1 Study of Organizational Behaviour 3–14
Introduction - Definitions - Contributing fields to organizational
ehaviour 3
Behaviour model for organizational efficiency-Organizational
components that need to be managed 6
Summary 9
Text Questions - References 10
Case 1 – National Cadet Corps (NCC) A boon for social
development 11
Case 2 – Overcoming absenteeism at Unique
Schweppes Ltd. 12
Chapter 2 Evolution of Management Concepts 15–41
Introduction - Approaches to management 15
Classical theories of management-
Bureaucracy-Scientific management : E W Taylor-
Process management theory - Fayol 17
Neo-classical theories - Human relations era -
Hawthorne studies : Mayo-Dale Carnegie -
Need Hiearcy Theory - Maslow Theory X and
Theory Y - McGregor 24
Modern management theories: Re-engineering -
Bench marking - Empowerment - Systems approach to
management 28
Total quality in human resource management 34
Summary 38
Text Questions - References 40
xii CONTENTS
Part Two: Individual Dimensions of
Organizational Behaviou
Chapter 3 Individual Dimensions of Organizational Behaviour 45–59
Introduction - Foundation of Individual Behaviour-
Causes of human behaviour 45
Biological characteristics: Age-Gender-Religion-
Marital status-Tenure-Ability-Emotions 46
Framework of Emotional Competence-Learned
characteristics 50
Developing an OB Model : Dependant variables –
Independent variables 52
Types of OB Model 55
Environmental factors-Summary-Text Questions 57
Case – The unattended accident 58
Chapter 4 Personality 60–71
Introduction - Determinants of personality-Personality traits 60
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Locus of control 62
Personality Orientation 63
Personality Orientation - Achievement orientation-
Authoritarianism - Theory of Machivellianism-Self esteem
Self monitoring - Risk taking-Types of personality
Study indicating personality traits of Indian managers
Summary - Text Questions-References 65
Case – Hazards of hills 66
Skill development exercises: Determine your personality 70
Locus of control questionnaire 70
Chapter 5 Learning 72–82
Introduction - Theories of learning-Processes 72
Application of re-inforcement to shape behaviour: 74
Extinction 78
Application of learning and organizational behaviou
modification 78
Summary - Text Questions-References 80
Case – Mr. Vice Chancellor Needs Learning Through Doings 81
Chapter 6 Value Attitude and Job Satisfaction 83–98
Introduction - Values - Types of values - Rukeach values
survey (RVS) - Value-loyalty and ethical behaviour 83
Attitude - Components of attitude - Types of attitude -
CONTENTS xiii
Attitude and consistency 86
Cognitive dissonance theory 88
Job satisfaction-Factors determining job satisfaction 89
Effect of Job satisfaction on performance-Organizational
commitment 91
Summary - Text Questions-References 93
Case – What rides on over – profit or ethics 94
Chapter 7 Motivation 99–115
Introduction - Motivation-Characteristics of
motivation. Importance of Motivation 99
Motivation theories - Maslow’s need Hierarchy theory –