Questions need to be answered in detail with a few paragraphs: 1.What is triangulation?How do you understand the concept in relation to indicators? 2.It is said that spuriousness is one of the main...

Answers
1)
Triangulation involves two or more ways to verify the same result.  It eliminates the biasedness associated with the specific research method, data source or researcher. Triangulation helps us to analyse a specific area with more than two dimensions.
The various types of triangulation method triangulation investigated triangulation, theory triangulation, and data source triangulation. When more than two methods are used for the data connection it is known as method triangulation. When more than two investigators work independently for the purpose of Data Collection, it is known as investigated triangulation. When more than two alternative theories are applied then it is known as theory triangulation. When two different independent data sources are used co
esponding to the same theory, it is known as data source triangulation. 
2)
Spurious co
elation is one of the main dangers in statistical analysis because the two variables are associated but not casually related because of the presence of the third variable also known as the co-founding factor. 
For example, attendance and GPA are said to be positively associated with each other. But these variables are not causally related to each other. The association between attendance and GPA is because of the third variable namely number of hours studied.
Application of Univariate analysis to study the association between the dependent and the independent variable by controlling the effect of third variable should be done. Univariate analysis can be applied where the association between attendance and GPA can be tested by controlling the effect of number of hours studied.
3)
The external validity is in reference to the generalization of the truth of the conclusions. External validity measures the degree to which the conclusions hold for other persons or places or other times. The external validity is considered as a foundation of a good experimental design. External quality is considered as one of the most difficult validity types of achievement.
External validity is based on the criteria of generalization.  external validity measures if the results obtained from the sample can be extended in order to make predictions about the entire population.
The external validity is of great concern because it tells us the applicability of the results of study two other person, places, and at other time. 
4)
The reverse causality indicates that the independent variable and the dependent variable are associated in a different manner which is not expected. The expected result was that the independent variable is causing a change in the dependent variable. But actually, the dependent variable is causing the changes in the independent variable. For example, a researcher may say that there is a significant...