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Building services
1.0.0 Summary:
Building services is the engineering of the internal environment of a building. Building service
professionals design, install, operate and monitor the systems required for safe, comfortable and
environment friendly operation of buildings. In this report we are going to discuss some of the
factors affecting human comfort with respect to buildings. Building services such as
illumination, heat transfer, water supply etc. have been discussed. A survey is being ca
ied out
to ascertain the main factors in building comfort. The results have been analyzed and steps to
improve the quality have been mentioned.
1.0.1 Introduction:
Humans seek both psychological and physical comfort. A person’s sense of well-being
influences his productivity, creativity and engagement in a particular work. If people are not
comfortable and do not have a sense of well-being, they become distracted. So in order to create
a positive and productive environment the presence of four elements namely social support,
cognitive effectiveness, physical function and emotional function is essential. Inclusion of
human factors in the design process improves operability, maintainability, and manufacturability
of equipment, processes and systems. The main factors that affect human performance includes
Task 1
1.1 Work environment: The chief components are
i) Illumination: The design of an artificial illumination system directly affects the
performance and comfort of those using the premises. It helps in seeing details clearly
as well as distinguishing colors without discomfort. Colour Rendering Index is used
to quantify the accuracy with which any specific light source renders to colours. As
CRI increases colour judgment e
or tends to decrease.
ii) Distribution of light: Proper distribution of light has a positive effect on visual
comfort and task performance. Maximum values of luminance ratios as suggested by
Illumination Engineers society are 3:1 for Task: adjacent darker su
ounding, 10:1 for
Task: Remote darker areas, 20:1 for Luminaries: Adjacent surface etc.
iii) Reflectance: It is the ratio of amount of light reflected by a surface to the amount of
light abso
ed by the surface. The recommended values of reflectance are as follows:
Floors (20-40%), surface of machines and furniture (25-45%), partitions and screens
(40-60%) etc.
iv) Noise levels: Noise interferes with concentration, understanding of speech, reduces
efficiency and causes stress. The maximum permissible level of noise depends on the
duration of exposure. Following table depicts permissible noise limits

Table 1: OSHA permissible sound limit
1.2 Plant labeling and signaling: Signs and labels help in minimizing mental effort in cognitive
processing. The information’s in signs should be depicted consistently and a standard format
as depicted below should be used
Table 2: Contents of various labels
1.2.1 Hazard signing and marking: Signs should be installed near imminent hazards so that
viewer has sufficient time to take evasive action. All texts should be in bold letters and
the character size should be D/150 where D is viewing distance.
1.3.0 Maintainability and operability: For maintainability and operability the following
principles should be followed:
i) Accessibility: The design should ensure easy movement of all equipment’s and parts
during installation, operation or maintenance. Shortest path to the most frequented
machinery should be provided. Pathways should be clearly marked for emergency
situations.

Table 3: Access dimensions for standing working space
ii) Ladders, stairs and ramps: The optimal degree of elevation of ladders, stairs and
amps are based on minimal energy expenditure, missteps etc. The angle of elevation of...