Microsoft Word - Harvard referencing style XXXXXXXXXXedit
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ary Services
Harvard Referencing Style
This is a general guide to the Harvard referencing style.
Please check the referencing guide provided by your School, or Unit Assessor, as it may vary
from these guidelines.
About Harvard referencing style
Harvard style is an author-date referencing system. It has two
components:
1. In-text citation: a partial reference to the source you are
citing in the text of your work, including the author
surname and date of publication in
ackets, e.g.
(Smith 1998).
2. The reference list: a list containing the full bibliographic
details of all the sources cited in your work. It is usually
placed at the end of the document. Entries in the
eference list must be in agreement to the in-text
citations.
What do you need to reference?
You are required to reference any information, ideas or data that are not your own, including when you have:
• quoted another author, word for word
• paraphrased or summarised information
• defined terms
• used tables, statistics or diagrams from a source
Citing in text – general guidelines
The purpose of citing in the text is to provide
ief information about the source, sufficient for readers to find full
details about the source in the reference list.
In-text citations can be presented in two formats:
- (Author Date) – used to show the source of the information you are citing, usually placed at the end of a
sentence.
Example:
While an activist image of workers is sometimes presented (Rodrıguez-Garavito 2005), workers are
more often depicted as unwilling accomplices in factory managers’ manipulations (Ngai 2005).
- Author (Date) – used to emphasise the author by integrating author name into the sentence, followed
immediately by date in
ackets.
Example:
In the long run, Saarinen XXXXXXXXXXargues, development of tourism may not always be the most favourable
use of natural and cultural resources …
There are different varieties of Harvard
eferencing style. This guide follows the
standards described in Style Manual for
Authors, Editors and Printers 6th edition,
often refe
ed to as the "AGPS Manual" as it
was formerly published by the Australian
Government Publishing Services.
The manual is available in the Li
ary at
XXXXXXXXXXSTYL.
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In-text citation variations
Autho
Date variations Citation Format
(Author Date)
(Author Date, page number)
Citation Format
Author (Date)
Author (Date, page number)
1 author (Tracy 2011)
(Tracy 2011, p. 31)
Tracy (2011)
Tracy (2011, p. 31)
2 authors (McLoughlin & Lee 2007)
(McLoughlin & Lee 2007, p. 5)
McLoughlin and Lee (2007)
McLoughlin and Lee (2007, p. 5)
3 authors (Riley, Ladkin & Szivas, 2002)
(Riley, Ladkin & Szivas, 2002, p. 35)
Riley, Ladkin and Szivas (2002)
Riley, Ladkin and Szivas (2002, p. 35)
4 or more authors
Cite the surname of the first-
listed author followed by ‘et
al.’(and others)
(Kotler et al. 2010)
(Kotler et al. 2010, p. 59)
Kotler et al. (2010)
Kotler et al. (2010, p. 59)
Corporate author
(organization or institution)
(Queensland Health 1997)
(Queensland Health 1997, P. 34)
Queensland Health (1997)
Queensland Health (1997, P. 34)
No author
Use the title of the source
instead of author surname
(The entrepreneur's guide to the law 1999)
The entrepreneur's guide to the law
(1999)
Multiple sources by the same
autho
s: a
ange the sources
in chronological order,
starting with the earliest date.
(Wason 1960, 1966, 1968)
(Campbell & Shiller 1987, p. 375; 1988, p.
220)
Wason (1960, 1966, 1968)
Campbell and Shiller (1987, p. 375; 1988
p. 220)
Multiple sources by the same
autho
s published in the
same year: a
ange the
sources alphabetically by
title, and add a lower-case
letter (a, b, c, ...) after the
date
(Chan 2009a, 2009b)
Chan (2009a, 2009b)
Citing sources by authors with
the same surname:
Include the authors’ initials in
in-text citations
(D Nguyen 2009; L Nguyen 2010) D Nguyen XXXXXXXXXXand L Nguyen (2010) …
No publication date
Use n.d. (no date)
(Smith n.d.) Smith (n.d.)
Citing paraphrases or summaries
When refe
ing to the overall content of a work, or putting information in your own words by summarising or
paraphrasing, you must cite the original author and the date of publication.
Example:
Fast-paced change and complex problems can affect organizations (Wagoner 1968).
A page number may be included if you paraphrase a passage, summarise an idea from a particular page, or direct
the readers to a specific page. You may also include the page number when refe
ing to a long work and the page
number(s) might be useful to the reader.
Use p. for a single page and pp. for consecutive page range.
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Examples:
At a macro level, negative economic impacts on non-mining sectors of the economy are commonly known as
Dutch disease (Corden 2012, p. 3).
Brewer (2001, pp XXXXXXXXXXsuggests that attachment to ingroups is a primary process, fundamental to
individual survival and well-being.
Citing a direct quote
Author name, publication year and page number(s) must be included when incorporating a direct quotation into a
sentence. Use single quotation marks to enclose short quotations (sentence fragments, a sentence or sentences with
less than 30 words). Fit quotations within your sentences, making sure the sentences are grammatically co
ect.
Example:
When Ladkin (2011, p XXXXXXXXXXsuggests that knowledge of tourism and hospitality labour ‘clearly has a
contribution to make to cu
ent wider societal debates’ she is, as we are, reflecting on the shifting
phenomenon of hospitality work.
If a direct quote is more than 30 words long, it is usually indented from the text margin in a block format with a font
one size smaller in single line spacing. Quotation marks are not needed.
Example:
Modifying a direct quote
Ellipsis
If you need to omit a word or words from a quote, indicate this with an ellipsis (three dots) with a space before and
after the ellipsis XXXXXXXXXXA direct quote should neither start nor end with an ellipsis. Words should only be omitted from
a quote if they are superfluous to the reason why you are using the quote and the meaning of the quote is not
affected by the change.
Example (using ellipsis, in a block quote):
Square
ackets
If you need to add a word or words to a quote, or change the capitalisation of a word to fit with your syntax, put the
word(s)/letter in square
ackets [ ]. Words should only be added to a quote for explanatory reasons (e.g. a name
might be added to explain who a pronoun is referencing).
Example:
The church is not the only setting where the soul may be nurtured, as '[t]he soul also finds sustenance in more
domestic settings, like the family home' (Jones 1998, p. 89).
The modernist view of the individual voice has been debated:
As with an early modernist like Lautréamont ... the subject or “character” is always an unstable collective,
perpetually on the make, on trial and in degeneration, as much as it is in productive process, riven by
contradiction and inte
uption, and by virtue of the textual mosaic, it hosts a crazed polyphony with no
“originary” voice. (Campbell 2014, pp.157)
New institutional studies of organisations in the 1970s and 1980s are largely characterised by an emphasis
on diffusion, isomorphism and decoupling:
The new institutionalism in organisation theory and sociology comprises a rejection of rational-actor models,
an interest in institutions as independent variables, a turn towards cognitive and cultural explanations, and an
interest in properties of supra individual units of analysis that cannot be reduced to aggregations or direct
consequences of individuals’ attributes or motives. (DiMagio & Powell 1991, p. 8)
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Sic
If you need to indicate a misspelling, grammatical e
or or lack of inclusive language, insert the word [sic] (meaning
so or thus) in square
ackets immediately following the e
or but do not change the e
or in the quote.
Example (non-inclusive language):
According to Havelock (1986, p. 63), the written word can be looked at as an extension of conversation
where the author ‘writes down what he [sic] is saying so that another person can read what he [sic] says
instead of just hearing it.’
Example (spelling):
The claim that ‘confiscation of these lands was both illegal and sacrilegious [sic]’ takes the approach that the
church should be involved in these decisions (Hamilton & Strier 1996, p. 165).
Citing sources if page numbers are unavailable
If page numbers are not available, such as in a webpage or an online newspaper article, then you cannot include a
page number in the in-text citations. However, if the source indicates paragraph numbers, use the a
eviation
“para” and the relevant number in the parentheses. If the paragraph number is not visible, cite the heading and the
paragraph number following it.
Examples:
XXXXXXXXXXAs Myers (2000, para. 5) aptly phrased it…
… (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion, para. 1)
Tip: If your source is a journal article in html format (and therefore with no page numbers), check to see if the article
is available in PDF format. PDF files usually include page numbers.
Citing a re-published book
The date of publication used should be the date of the source you are reading. For example, although Pride and
Prejudice was initially published in 1813 it is unlikely that the version you are reading was published in 1813. The
publication date of the source you are reading is the date to use when citing and in your reference list.
Example:
Austen, J 1991