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Improving Vehicle Efficiency
(Gasoline direct injection technology)
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GDI
GDI
    Efforts to increase the vehicle operational efficiency are there since long time.
    Efficiency improvement
[Mechanical, Thermal, Combustion efficiencies]
    Possible channels
[Design, Materials, Controls, Integration]
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GDI
GDI
    Improving combustion efficiency,
    Improving mechanical efficiency
    Improving thermal efficiency
Since a long time, low weight material innovations worked to improve the overall mechanical efficiency, better combustion chamber designs worked for better combustion. Electronic controls are implemented for better synergies in operation.
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Energy losses in the form of the engine losses makes up greater part of the energy losses in the vehicles and is about 62% of the total energy supplied to the engine.
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GDI
GDI
Of the total energy supplied in the form of fuel to the vehicle, only about ~13% will be available in the form of the tractive energy. The proportion may change slightly based on the type of the fuel and the technologies being used. However the actual energy available for traction is more or less same as this.
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    Increasing the fuel efficiency can have drastic implications to the reduction of energy losses from the engine.
    Traditional gasoline engines employs ca
urettor for fuel-air mixture to the engine.
    Associated complications include, loss of energy in the valve operations, improper combustion efficiency in the engines and for subsequent energy losses.
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GDI
GDI
Fuel efficiency can have good impact over the energy savings and subsequent cost savings. When fuel is combusted, better emissions can be realized
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    Since the gasoline has lower ignition points, it is difficult to use fuel pump and fuel injectors like in the case of diesel engines.
    Any improvement in the technology to employ direct injection of the gasoline into the engine(combustion chamber) can contribute towards engine efficiency.
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GDI
GDI
Gasoline is not employed for direct injection in the early days due to limitations of ignition point and high pressure needs of injections.
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    Direct injection into the combustion chamber rather than injecting into the inlet manifold of the engine.
    GDI has adopted high face due to rapid success. In US from 3% adoption in 2008 to now reached to about 50%.
    Direct injection will reduce the fuel combustion(economy), results in increased performance.
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GDI
GDI
Recent development of the design and technologies enabled multiple and flexible models of direct fuel injection into the engines. Several automobile giants already accepted the technology.
Evidence available from literature:
Ortmann, R., Arndt, S., Raimann, J., Grzeszik, R., & Würfel, G. (2001). Methods and analysis of fuel injection, mixture preparation and charge stratification in different direct injected SI engines (No. 2001-01-0970). SAE Technical Paper.
Salber, W., Wolters, P., Esch, T., Geiger, J., & Dilthey, J. (2002). Synergies of variable valve actuation and direct injection. SAE Transactions, 1213-1221.
Sellnau, M., Foster, M., Moore, W., Sinnamon, J., Hoyer, K., & Klemm, W. (2019). Pathway to 50% Brake Thermal Efficiency Using Gasoline Direct Injection Compression...