Principles Of Mass Transfer And Separation Process
COVER
Table of Contents
Preface
1 - Introduction
2 - Molecular Diffusion
2.1 Concentration, Velocity and Flux
2.2 Fick's Law
2.3 Steady State Molecular Diffusion Through a Constant Area in a Binary Gas Mixture
2.4 Multicomponent Diffusion
2.5 Gas-Phase Diffusion Coefficient: Measurement and Prediction
2.6 Molecular Diffusion in Liquids
2.7 Diffusion through a Variable Area
2.8 Knudsen Diffusion, Surface Diffusion and Self-Diffusion
2.9 Applications of the Principles of Molecular Diffusion
Short Questions
Problems
References
3 - Convective Mass Transfer and Mass Transfer Coefficient
3.1 The Mass Transfer Coefficient
3.2 Types of Mass Transfer Coefficients
3.3 Dimensionless Groups in Mass Transfe
3.4 Co
elations for the Convective Mass Transfer Coefficient
3.5 Tu
ulent or Eddy Diffusion
3.6 The Wetted Wall Column
3.7 Theories of Mass Transfe
3.8 Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer Analogies
Short Questions
Problems
References
4 - Interphase Mass Transfe
4.1 Equili
ium Between Phases
4.2 The Raoult's and the Henry's Law
4.3 Mass Transfer Between Two Phases
4.4 The Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient
4.5 Material Balance in a Contacting Equipment - The Operating Line
4.6 Mass Transfer in Stage-Wise Contact of Two Phases
4.7 Interphase Mass Transfer in Drug Delivery Systems
4.8 Applications
Short Questions
Problems
References
5 - Gas-Liquid Contacting Equipment
5.1 Introduction to Gas-Liquid Contacting
5.2 Tray or Plate Column
5.3 Operational Features of a Tray column
5.4 A Few Mechanical Details
5.5 Tray Design
5.6 High Capacity Trays
5.7 Agitated Vessels
5.8 The Bu
le Column
5.9 The Spray Towe
5.10 The Venturi Scru
e
5.11 The Packed Towe
5.12 Flooding in a Packed Towe
5.13 Theoretical Models of Flow through a Packed Towe
5.14 Comparison between Packed and Plate Towers
Short Questions
Problems
References
6 - Gas Absorption and Stripping
6.1 Equili
ium in a Gas-Liquid System
6.2 Selection of Solvent and Stripping Medium
6.3 Minimum Liquid Rate for Absorption
6.4 Design of a Packed Towe
6.5 Co
elations for Mass Transfer Coefficients in Packed Towers
6.6 Determination of the Number of Stages in a Tray Towe
6.7 Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate (HETP)
6.8 Tray Efficiency
6.9 Other Applications of Gas Absorption and Stripping
Short Questions
Problems
References
7 - Distillation
7.1 Vapour-Liquid Equili
ium
7.2 Enthalpy-Cpncentration Diagram
7.3 Flash Vaporization (Also Called Flash Distillation)
7.4 Steam Distillation
7.5 Batch Distillation (Also Called Differential Distillation or Rayleigh Distillation)
7.6 Continuous Multistage Fractionation of Binary Mixtures
7.7 Multistage Batch Distillation with Reflux
7.8 The Ponchon-Savarit Method
7.9 Distillation in a Packed Towe
Short Questions
Problems
References
8 - Liquid-Liquid Extraction
8.1 A Few Examples of Solvent Extraction
8.2 Liquid-Liquid Equili
ia (LLE)
8.3 Solvent Selection
8.4 Design Calculations for Stage-Wise Extraction
8.5 Liquid-Liquid Extraction Equipment
8.6 Selection of Extractors
8.7 Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer in a Sti
ed Liquid-Liquid Dispersion
8.8 Extraction Equipment Design
Short Questions
Problems
References
9 - Solid-Liquid Extraction
9.1 Classification of Solid-Liquid Extraction Systems
9.2 The Rate of Solid-Liquid Extraction
9.3 Solid-Liquid Contacting Strategy
9.4 Solid-Liquid Contacting Equipment
9.5 Solid-Liquid Extraction Equili
ium
9.6 Solid-Liquid Extraction Calculations
9.7 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
Short Questions
Problems
References
10 - Humidification and Water Cooling
10.1 Terminology and Definitions
10.2 Adiabatic Saturation Temperature
10.3 Wet-Bulb Temperature
10.4 The Psychometric Chart and its Use
10.5 Description of Cooling Towers - Construction and Operation
10.6 Cooling Tower Calculations
10.7 Some Additional Information on Cooling Towers
Short Questions
Problems
References
11 - Drying of Wet Solids
11.1 Physical Mechanism of Drying
11.2 Drying Equili
ia
11.3 Important Definitions and Terms
11.4 The Drying Rate Curve
11.5 Calculations of the Drying Time from the Drying Rate Data
11.6 Classification of Drying Equipment
11.7 Direct-Heat Batch Dryers: Tray and Truck Dryers
11.8 Direct-Heat Continuous Dryers
11.9 Indirect-Heat Batch Systems
11.10 Indirect-Heat Continuous Dryers
11.11 Air-Suspended Drying Systems
11.12 Drying Calculations
11.13 Preliminary Design of a Rotary Drye
11.14 Freeze Drying Calculations
11.15 Dryer Selection
Short Questions
Problems
References
12 - Adsorption
12.1 Commercial Adso
ents and their Applications
12.2 Characteristics and Properties of Adso
ents
12.3 Adsorption Equili
ia
12.4 Heat of Adsorption
12.5 Specific Surface Area of an Adso
ent
12.6 Selection of Adso
ents
12.7 Batch Adsorption in a Sti
ed Vessel
12.8 Adsorption in a Fixed Bed
12.9 Adsorption Equipment
12.10 Adsorption Dynamics
12.11 Thermal Regeneration of Adso
ents
12.12 Pressure Swing Adsorption
12.13 Ion-Exchange
12.14 Chromatography
Short Questions
Problems
References
13 - Crystallisation
13.1 Solid-Liquid Phase Equili
ium
13.2 Nucleation and Crystal Growth
13.3 Crystal Growth
13.4 Crystal Size Distribution
13.5 Characteristics of Crystal Size Distribution
13.6 Batch Crystallization
13.7 Crystallization Equipment
13.8 Design Considerations
13.9 Melt Crystallization
Short Questions
Problems
References
14 - Mem
ane Separation
14.1 Materials, Types and Preparation of Mem
anes
14.2 Mem
ane Characterization
14.3 Mem
ane Modules
14.4 Pressure Driven Mem
ane Processes for Liquid Separation
14.5 Concentration-Driven Processes
14.6 Mem
ane Gas Separation
Short Questions
Problems
References
15 - Multicomponent Distillation
15.1 Degrees of Freedom in Multicomponent Distillation
15.2 Key Components
15.3 Column Operating Conditions
15.4 Approximate Methods of Distillation Calculation - The FUG Technique
15.5 Rigorous Methods of Distillation Calculation
15.6 The Rate-Based Method
15.7 Separation of Close-Boiling and Azeotropic Mixtures
15.8 Divided-Wall Columns
Short Questions
Problems
References
16 - Transient Diffusion and Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction
16.1 Transient Diffusion in Three Dimensions
16.2 Diffusion Accompanied by a Chemical Reaction in a Liquid
16.3 I
eversible Second-Order Reaction
16.4 Instantaneous Reaction
16.5 Reaction Regimes of a Second-Order Reaction
Short Questions
Problems
References
Appendix A
A.1 Vapour-Liquid Equili
ia
A.2 K-Values of Hydroca
ons
Dispersion in a Flow Field
References
Answers/Hints to Selected Questions and Problems
Index