Energy efficient

AN IMPLEMENTATION OF CARBON REDUCTION STRATEGIES IN COMMERCIAL
BUILDING
By
xxxxxxxxx
(Student No.: ………..)
A Final Year Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the
Regulations for the Award of BEng (Hons.)
In
Electronic and Electrical Engineering
At the University of Sunderland
March 2017
i
Abstract
The changes and trends across global climatic conditions as well as global warming represents
one of the most debated and highly sensitive topic across globe. The increases in the levels of
global temperature represent an uncontrolled trend at the moment and the same is resulting from
the emissions of ca
on dioxide as well as various other greenhouse gases. These emissions are
esult of the immense dependence and consumption over non-renewable energy resource for
transport, powering vast commercial and residential buildings, etc. In this study, optimization of
the electrical as well as mechanical systems shall be pursued by taking the specific test site of
commercial building which is 13 years old. The
oader objective of this study shall be to review
the lighting and air conditioning systems and develop suitable optimization / efficiency
strategies, upgrades and operational maintenance schedules to ensure this specific commercial
uilding reduces ca
on / greenhouse gases emissions and saves costs by efficient power
consumption. The test site of a commercial building that is 13 year old and located in Hong
Kong is identified and used to evaluate energy use and affiliated energy performances. On the
asis of these assessments, detailed performance review and optimization / ca
on reduction
strategies concerning the lighting systems, air conditioning systems and application of solar
thermal based technologies is proposed in this report.
ii
Acknowledgements
First, I would like to express that a big thank you for the University of Sunderland provide a
great support to us for the final year project. Second, I have also expressed gratitude, my project
supervisor Mr Jack Chung who provides so many private times to study with me and guidance us
for completion of the project. Then, I have thankful for my supervisor of my company, Mr Yuen
who gives many piece of advice for the project and shared his experience of the project. And
final, I am grateful for my family to give great support and encourage to me for the study.
Especially my wife, Mrs Lee who always stay with me on the beginning for researching project
materials.
Lee Kwok Wai
iii
Table of Contents
Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ i
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... ii
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. v
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. vi
Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Summary of Previous Works ........................................................................................... 3
1.3. Aims & Objectives ........................................................................................................... 5
1.4. Outline of Dissertation ..................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 2: Literature Review .......................................................................................................... 8
2.1. Principles of Energy Efficiency – Ca
on Reduction Strategies ..................................... 8
2.2. Air Conditioners ............................................................................................................. 12
2.3. Lighting Systems ............................................................................................................ 14
Chapter 3: Methodology ............................................................................................................... 19
Chapter 4: Results, Discussion & Evaluation ............................................................................... 20
4.1. Air Condition Systems & Lighting Systems – Data Collection, Analysis & Evaluation
20
4.2. Solar Thermal Technologies .......................................................................................... 24
Chapter 5: Conclusions & Recommendations for Future Studies ................................................ 31
iv
5.1. Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 31
5.2. Recommendations for Future Studies ............................................................................ 31
5.3. Project Management ....................................................................................................... 32
References ..................................................................................................................................... 34
Appendix ......................................................................................................................................... 1
v
List of Figures
 Figure 1 – Hong Kong – Commercial Energy Use – Year 2015 2
 Figure 2 – Integrated Strategy 8
 Figure 3 – Illustration of Day Lighting Strategy 15
 Figure 4 – Specific Lighting Products for Ca
on Reduction & Energy
Efficiencies 15
 Figure 5 – Month Wise Mean Outdoor Temperature 22
 Figure 6 – Compression Based Refrigeration using Solar
Thermal Technology 26
 Figure 7 – Absorption based Air Conditioning using Solar
Thermal Technology 28
 Figure 8 – Adsorption based Air Conditioning using Solar
Thermal Technology 29
 Figure 9 – Photovoltaic System 30
vi
List of Tables
 Table 1 – Hong Kong – Energy Requirements – Year 2010 3
 Table 2 – Ba
iers to Ca
on Reduction 11
 Table 3 – Ambient / Task Based Lighting Strategies 16
 Table 4 – An Initial Review of the Test Site (Commercial Building) 20
 Table 5 – Energy Consumption for Air Conditioning & Lighting Systems 21
 Table 6 - Annual Consumption of Electricity at the Test Site 22
 Table 7 – Energy Consumption Efficiency / Performances 23
1
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. Background
The changes and trends across global climatic conditions as well as global warming
epresents one of the most debated and highly sensitive topic across globe. The increases in
the levels of global temperature represent an uncontrolled trend at the moment and the same
is resulting from the emissions of ca
on dioxide as well as various other greenhouse gases.
These emissions are result of the immense dependence and consumption over non-renewable
energy resource for transport, powering vast commercial and residential buildings, etc.
In this context, Hong Kong represents an international metro-city within Asia and its
geographical location can be termed subtropical and characterized by hotter summers.
Naturally, commercial buildings, shopping malls, etc. which aim to create comfortable
ambience for the tenants, customers, etc., meaning an increased dependence on power
consumption to offer facilities that recreate a temperature similar to winter climate (~20
degree Celsius) (Cheung & Fan, 2013; Wan et al, 2012; Wan et al, 2011). This is further
accentuated by the high population density of Hong Kong which results in enhanced power
equirements than usual for maintaining specific temperature levels (Cheung & Fan, 2013;
Wan et al, 2012; Wan et al, 2011).
The consumption of electricity across Hong Kong with respect to air-conditioning systems
alone accounted 30 per cent of the overall electricity consumption (Cheung & Fan, 2013;
Wan et al, 2012; Wan et al, 2011). With increasing growth across population, economic
development, the electricity consumption to power air conditioning has also increased. In
2
case of Hong Kong Energy, the end-use data for 2015 indicates that air-conditioning
combined with lighting requirements make up for about 46 per cent of overall power
consumption (Cheung & Fan, 2013; Wan et al, 2012; Wan et al, 2011).
Figure 1 – Hong Kong – Commercial Energy Use – Year 2015 (Censtatd, 2016)
3
Table 1 – Hong Kong – Energy Requirements – Year 2010 (Wan et al, 2011)
1.2. Summary of Previous Works
The primary conclusions from various studies (Li et al, 2013; Chan, 2011; Fong & Lee,
2012; Cheung & Fan, 2013) in recent times indicate that substantial levels of reductions in
terms of ca
on dioxide emissions with respect to energy usage within commercial buildings
could be attained in the subsequent years by way of applying mature forms of technologies to
gain energy efficiencies which already prevails in wide usage as well as that has been used in
successful manner. The significant sources of these forms of savings could be attained in
approaches that shall
ing down life-cycle related costs and hence providing the reductions
across ca
on dioxide emissions which have the net level benefit instead of the costs (Li et al,
2013; Chan, 2011; Fong & Lee, 2012; Cheung & Fan, 2013). Although, on account of the
longer lifetime of the buildings as well as the various equipment within it, in addition to
stronger as well as several set of market ba
iers prevailing across the sector, many of the
4
uildings fail to apply the available basic level technologies across level lifecycle costs
minimisations would permit.
The survey of literature in this regard (Wan et al, 2012; Hughes et al, 2011; Shaikh et al,
2014; Wan et al, 2011) indicate the presence of potentials at global context for reducing at an
approximate level 29 per cent of projected baseline for emissions by the year 2020 in a
manner that is cost-effective across both residential as well as commercial sectors. In
addition at the least 3 per cent of the baseline emissions could be prevented at the costs up till
20 US Dollar per tCO2 as well as 4 per cent more if the costs up till 100 US Dollar per tCO2
are being considered (Wan et al, 2012; Hughes et al, 2011; Shaikh et al, 2014; Wan et al,
2011). Although, on account of larger set of opportunities with lower costs, higher level cost
potential need to be assessed over the limited extent and hence this specific figure can be said
to be an underestimate.
Whilst the occupant behaviours, consumer choice and culture as well as usage of the
technologies represents the major form of determinants with respect to energy usage across
uildings and playing fundamental roles with the determination of the ca
on dioxide
emissions, the possible reductions by way of non-technological form of options are assessed
arely as well as potential leverages pertaining to policies over them are understood poorly
(Wan et al, 2012; Hughes et al, 2011; Shaikh et al, 2014; Wan et al, 2011). On account of
limited numbers in terms of demand level end uses the efficiency options that are evaluated
y these studies discussed above, omissions pertaining to non-technological based options as
well as the frequently significant co-benefits, in addition to exclusion of the advanced /
5
integrated form of highly efficient buildings, actual conceivable potential are more likely in
e high.
On the basis of the various literature, it is clear that an integrated study focussing a specific
test site (commercial building) to assess energy use performances pertaining lighting and air
conditioner systems and evaluating / proposing ca
on reduction strategies with focus over
solar thermal technologies are not pursued and thus study shall aim to meet this gap.
1.3. Aims & Objectives
The research background discussed in earlier section illustrates the significance of the cu
ent
situation and it is imperative to develop optimization and efficiency in power consumption,
specifically for lighting systems and air conditioning systems in commercial buildings so that
there can be an effective reduction in ca
on / greenhouse gases emission, cost reduction,
etc.,
Accordingly, in this study, optimization of the electrical as well as mechanical systems shall
e pursued by taking the specific test site of commercial building which is 13 years old. The
oader objective of this study shall be review the lighting and air conditioning systems and
develop suitable optimization / efficiency strategies, upgrades and operational maintenance
schedules to ensure this specific commercial building reduces ca
on / greenhouse gases
emissions and saves costs by efficient power consumption.
In specific the objectives of this study shall comprise the following,
6
 Air conditioning system:
o comparison of coefficient of performance pertaining to prevailing air-cool
chilled machine and potential water-cool chilled based systems
o Identify product that shall be suitable for installation in the building
o Develop operating schedules and maintenance schedules for the proposed air-
conditioning systems for efficient power consumption and ca
on reduction.
 Lighting system
o Undertake review of consumption levels of lighting at the building and
identify suitable new lighting systems from the market.
o Undertake performance and efficiency levels (including payback period)
comparison between the existing and proposed lighting system
o Develop operating schedules and maintenance schedules for the proposed
lighting systems for efficient power consumption and ca
on reduction.
 Solar system
o Review the solar thermal technologies that are cu
ently available and propose
suitable one for the test site building
o Determine and propose suitable...