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Different types of Street lighting systems – Reflection XXXXXXXXXX10
Running Head: Different types of Street lighting systems – Reflection
Title: Different types of Street Lighting Systems – Reflection
Student Name and Id:
Course Name and Id:
University:
Date: 25/12/2019
Author Note
The cu
ent report is presented as part of the requirements to complete the course work.
Contents
Introduction 3
Working principle of the street lighting: 3
Literature Review: 4
Methodology 6
Analysis of the data collected from the literature: 6
Specific observations about the LED lighting employed for street lighting applications 7
Results 9
Conclusion 10
References 11
Introduction
XXXXXXXXXXStreet lighting is one of the commonly seen forms of lighting application. Typically the lighting will be mounted on higher location like a light pole or will be hanged from post through a wire support. In any case, the intention of the street lighting is to provide illumination to the maximum possible extent in the premises. However the key distinction between the street lighting and other forms of lighting used indoors in the commercial and residential applications is the fact that the lighting in the street lighting will not be as employed as focussed applications as in indoor applications. The lumens will not be same. Also the fixtures and the other containers employed for street lighting applications will be different from what they used to be in the indoor applications. Since there is need for protection from direct environmental conditions, the fixtures of the street lighting will be made with protection devices from harsh environmental conditions. In any case, the cost of the lighting will depend on the working principle employed and the material employed for making the street lighting. In any case the following part of the discussion is presented to discuss about different types of street lighting systems employed, their cost effectiveness as well as their energy saving potential and the impact of the same on the road users. Also there is discussion on the colours of the street lighting and their applications in general for the sake of road illumination requirements. The following part of the discussion will detail these aspects with in-depth discussion. Typical focus is made on the operational principle difference between regular lighting in the building applications as well as the street lighting employed for specific applications. The difference in the types of the street lighting models employed like the type of bulbs used, their relative merits and the demerits makes up other aspects of the discussion presented in the report.
Working principle of the street lighting:
XXXXXXXXXXThe most important criterion on which the safety symbols and the street lighting are designed on two important aspects. The first is the safety and the second is convenience. These two aspects will be basis for the design of the street lighting and street symbols. Typical implications of the design include increasing the community value of the street as well to increase the attractiveness of the street as well. However there are two important aspects that need to be taken care of. The first is that the indoor lighting actually will be very
ight as it will get reflected from the inner walls and the ceiling and hence its applicability is high. However the outside lighting will not get reflected and hence there will be hard shadows as well as high contrasts in this type of lighting. Another important aspect is the fact that there won’t be any necessity for high value illumination in street lighting applications. This is due to the fact the fact that low illumination makes the eye in the high sensitive state and hence the glare is preferably need to be avoided. Both the principles of diffusion as well as the principles of spectacular diffusion are employed in street lighting requirements. Each one of them having their own merits and demerits. Spectacular diffusion will work out when they are employed and needed for short distances. There are two different lamp sources employed for this application, the first is the mercury vapour lamp and the other is sodium vapour lamps. These lamps are normally not employed in the interior applications due to the colour and the mono chromatic nature of the light from these lamps. However the amount of lighting received from these lamps is higher when compared with the filament lamps for the same amount of power consumption. Hence economies do support the usage of the mercury and sodium vapour lamps in the street lighting applications. The report is presented to include literature review, methodology and focus on the data collected, data analysis, discussion on the results and conclusion as well.
Literature Review:
U
anization with smart cities invariably will include providing efficient and sustainable model of street lighting. Such smart lighting will remain sustainable as well will contribute to mitigate climate and environmental changes as well (Carli et al., XXXXXXXXXXRecent smart street lighting procedures are including comprehensive evaluation of variety of street lighting methods like optimization based on street width, street lighting lamp height and other prevailing environmental conditions. Telemetric based adopting mechanism in the street lighting can reduce the total energy consumption of the street lighting considerably (Sedziwy, XXXXXXXXXXDimmer adjustment of the lighting systems will considerably reduce the energy consumption of the lighting systems and the power consumption will be directly related to the actual prevailing environmental lighting conditions. However conventional filament lights are not fit for that provisions, Light emitting diode type of lighting systems are fit for this application of energy saving. Zigbee based microcontroller applications can provide considerable energy savings in the usage of the smart street lighting applications. WSN and PIR sensors also will be employed for the same purpose of energy saving in the usage of street lighting application. High power cool Led fittings also will work for similar effects (Ankaliki et al., XXXXXXXXXXLoRa wireless technologies can be employed for smart and economic street lighting applications which can reduce the overall energy requirements in street lighting. Kovacs et al(2016) proposed smart street lighting applications where in the solar energy based street lighting is proposed with a central processor that regulates the operations using the direct connectivity with the solar grid and with sensor systems for environmental conditions. These systems in turn will regulate and reduce the overall energy consumption of the street lighting. Parkash and Rajendra (2016), proposed IOT based smart street lighting system that can work for reducing the overall energy consumption in the street lighting application. Also the status of the street lighting can be sensed at any time using the web connected model of this type. Soh et al XXXXXXXXXXproposed the intelligent light control systems which operates making use of the temperature sensor, light sensor etc. Typically these sensors are employed to regulate the operation of the lights based on the actual lighting conditions available around as well depending on the actual temperature conditions as well. This way it is possible to reduce both the energy consumption by switching off when not necessary as well dimming whenever there is sufficient ambient light available. Meena XXXXXXXXXXproposed automatic highway lighting system, where in the lighting systems will automatically detect the light employing LDR sensor and controls the operations of the same for energy consumption efficiency. Further it is proposed to employ solar power street lighting application to reduce the transmission costing, cost of operations, the principle technology proposed consists in employing DC power source for storing the energy and this in turn is expected to get converted to AC using Rectifier and stepped down and filtered for street lighting application. The technology is going to be eco-friendly too as there will be indirect reduction in the CO2 emissions in the way of energy saving. Masoud XXXXXXXXXXindicated that the replacement of the high pressure sodium vapour lamping systems employed in sultanate of Oman if replaced by solar energy coupled LED lamp systems, it can be of great energy saving as well can be monetary benefit too for the nation. Sedzivy and Kotulski (2015), proposed a new dimmer control system for street lighting and proposed that such systems will reduce the overall energy consumption by taking advantage of the available ambient light. As high as 10-15% of the energy savings can be obtained on average with effective usage of the dimmer controls. However the initial investment for setting up the dimmer control to the fixture as well as the initial investment cost needed for setting the LED lamps etc can be a bottleneck in the process, however with right usage of the technology, there is scope for reduction of the overall expenses of using the technology. Karmakar et al XXXXXXXXXXproposed LED lighting systems of T8 for both the commercial and residential requirements including the street lighting applications. The criteria proposed in this system is mainly based that the lumens developed with this system for the same wattage of other bulbs is higher and hence is more effective in energy saving and cost effective too. Street lighting in the airports will be replaced of their halogen lights with LED lights as per the proposal (Bloudicek et al., XXXXXXXXXXPereira et al XXXXXXXXXXdetailed a range of possible lighting technologies that can be employed for the street lighting applications. About 20 to 30% cost saving is possible in operations when LED bulbs are employed for the sake of lighting applications instead of Metal Halide or the pressure sodium vapour lamp systems for lighting applications.
Methodology
The evaluation of the street lighting systems in the cu
ent context is mainly performed to evaluate availability of different types of street lighting units in terms of the technologies employed for making the street lighting systems. Further there is detailed evaluation of the operational efficiency of the street lighting systems to investigate the relative operational efficiency of different types of the street lighting models available there in. Further the cost effectiveness and the life span of the variety of street lighting systems is evaluated. The key source of information is the literature review where in investigative findings are reported. Based on observations from these secondary sources of information, inferences are taken and presented in the data analysis part in the subsequent sections of the report. Another key observation made from the collected sources of information is the investigation of the right technology for the sake of better energy consumption control. By employing right technology for energy saving and by employing automated controls the