Submissions of Nisha Battarai
Quiz Chapt. 10-11
1. The fungus Quambalaria pitereka creates powdery lesions in the feeds of certain eucalyptus species. This can result in leaf death, tip dieback and tree death. With greater rainfall and greater seedlings, the disease rating was greater with reduced rainfall. Spotted gum from elevated precipitation locations to prevent serious disease should be plant.
2. The planting of Meliaceae as exotic tree species is suggested, and it may make them less subject to harm by any of the Hypsipila species in the region of the plants.This indicates that mahogany plants as exotics can be useless in order to prevent Hypsipila robusta harm, as the plague almost always damages species in the family regardless of whether it is exotic.
3. Several factors, including edaphic, entomological, pathological, forestry and tree era have been affected. However, Fusarium solani, which is the main culprit, is thought to be the soil born root disease fungus. The Sissoo mortality was not affected by Soil pH, organic matter proportions, and proportions of sand, silt and clay. However, planting density and Sissoo proportion improved considerably in the plantation.
4. It was determined to be photobling the plants due to the cold and
ight sunshine circumstances of the day in question. But the shade of the steel beams was adequate to guard the rows of seedlings without any impact; the strips positions studied showed that they matched with the shade cast by the beams from 10-10,30 am. Nurseries should place seedlings in site of low temperatures and elevated sunlight to prevent such circumstances as using shade cloths when these variables are combined.
Quiz Chapt 12
1. The experiment concluded that, as the concentration of leaf oil increased with the use of micro-propagation technology, the photocycle capacity of the plants increased without an increase in the leaf area. This experiment therefore provides us understanding that it is very helpful to apply ramets for plantation, that is, the use of a method of micro-propagation in blue sheaf development.And this technology is better for improvement of the oil manufacturing without reducing the particular region of the leafs but with better photosynthesis of the tree leaves. The experiment concluded that, as the concentration of leaf oil increased with the use of micro-propagation technology, the photocycle capacity of the plants increased without an increase in the leaf area. This experiment therefore provides us understanding that it is very helpful to apply ramets for plantation, that is, the use of a method of micro-propagation in blue sheaf development.And this technology is better for improvement of the oil manufacturing without reducing the particular region of the leafs but with better photosynthesis of the tree leaves.
2. Both graphs indicate that the susceptibility to insects also improves as the diameter of the tree rises, thus lowering the rate of survival for the tree. We can say that rapidly increasing species attract more insect attacks than species that grow more slowly. So, rapidly increasing species develop well before they are attacked by insects, but their survival rates are very small when infected with insects or plague species and the proportion of injuries is increased.
3. The results given shows that E. oreades followed by E. smithii produces higher biomass along with higher yield of pulpwood in both Shafton and Helvetia. Other species did not show higher yield rate like these two species whereas E. nitens is showing a very high yield rate as compared to other species except the above two in Helvetia. Hence, these two species i.e. oreades and smithii can be improved separately to get higher and better production. Similarly, hy
idization of E. smithii and E. oreades can be a better option for the
eeding program of the plantation owner to get higher and better production of biomass and pulpwood from the hy
idized species than existing mother species.
4. The findings show here that species such as E. Brookerana. Brookerana, E. johnstonii, E. cordata, E. urnigera and E. rubida donot have sexual reproductive compatibility with E. nitens which means they did not get well hy
idized with E. ba
eri are showing higher level of reproductive compatibility with E. nitens whereas E. mo
isbyi and E. nitens thus producing more seedlings from the hy
idization. In addition, the E species are compatible. Nitens succeed when pollinated carefully, but fail when pollination is opened. Like the hy
id seedlings with E. nitens survived in a very low rate which can be considered no survival hence it is very hard to introduce hy
id species into native forests as the survival rate is very low when openly pollinated and needs more study to be successful to get compatible and successful species from the hy
idization.
Quiz Chapt 13-14
1. Measurements of the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in the foliage of the cypress trees were also produced three years after planting.Also, in soil samples taken from each plot, the amount of a
uscular mycho
izal fungal spores was counted and the length of their hyphae was evaluated. An enzyme soil activity, dehydrogenase, has also been determined. There was a considerably greater activity of foliar nitrogen and phosphorus and dehydrogenase (group b). This indicates that foliar nutrient uptake benefits from the existence and enhanced activity of myco
hizae. With inoculation, height at one year was considerably greater, but not at three years. With the French lavender blend and inoculated plantings, there may be long-term advantages in height growth as more nutrients are removed from the soil.
2. Mixed species plantations were thought to be useful both from a wood production point of perspective and in promoting biodiversity. The experiment engaged three Panama-born tree species, all of which generate precious timber from indigenous trees. On all farms, T.rosea had the highest seedling height, survival rates and also the biggest percentage of the leaf region consumed by insects. There was no advantage in a blended species planting without insecticides, which suggests that it will not impact manufacturing T.rosea monoculture plantations. The most suitable business species for this region may be rosea because it has the greatest development.
3. The long-term productivity of Pinus patula plantation trees, cultivated in Swaziland, an autonomous country in southern Africa, on 15-18 year rotations for pulpwood. Using long-term plot documents, the development of wood quantity on each of a big amount of plots was determined over three consecutive rotations. In form 1 there was a statistically significant rise, but in location two there was no important distinction. This indicates that plantations can enhance the production ability of the plant through procedures such as the extraction of nutrients from their greater root systems and the return of residues to the soil.
4. The elevated concentrations of harvest residue were
oadcast burnt after clear-felling of the first rotation plantations. Then the remaining wood was bulldozed into lengthy windrows and totally burned. Usually these second rotation sites were seeded and then seedlings were grown. In the second rotation, plant growth was smaller despite greater cumulative rainfall. Burning and ploughing was also ca
ied out in the second rotation, mobilizing and improving the loss of nutrients. Even though rainfall in the 3rd rotation has so far been much greater than the development of the first two rotations plantation. This highly indicates that changes in seed genetics, silvicultural systems, and site governance such as chopper rotating after rotations have retained or enhanced site productivity over continuous rotations to improve nutrient concentrations.
Introduction
Plantation Silviculture or plantation forestry describes the management of a forest crop for a limited range of products. Plantation Silviculture deals with the
oad knowledge of species selection with the characteristics learning of site in terms of climate, soil, temperature, moisture, transpiration rate and so on. Not only this but plantation silviculture deals with major three things:
a) Characteristics of planting site: environmental factors, climate, biotic factors.
) Planting species characteristics
c) Silvicultural characteristics
The main factor hence to affect any plantation forest would be climate, water availability, i
igation, amount of water uptake by the soil.
Climate affects the growth and distribution of trees. The climatic factors are abiotic or non-living components of the environmental factors (except genetic factors)Â that affect plant growth and development. It is therefore important to evaluate these factors for successful planting of specific species. The volume production is directly related to the index of the leaf area as the size of leaf area and its photosynthetic potential is important for determining the use of available resources and generating volume. In addition, climatic factors availability of water is one of the crucial factors that determine the leaf area index.
Objective:
· To know the amount of yield growth varying with different climatic criterion.
· To understand the threshold of any plant species within the temperature range.
· To know the effect of rainfall.
· To know the advantages/ disadvantages of i
igation over the plantation site.
· To study the effects of fluctuations in rainfall and temperature over plantation site.
· To determine actual rate of growth of plantation on any particular site.
· To predict the leaf area indices and wood yields.
· To know what climatic factors are most important in Australia in controlling plantation wood yields.
Methodology:
Site and species:
The study was conducted in the species Eucalyptus (E. grandis) which was grown in 16Australian sites with varying climatic conditions prevailing in respective sites. Eight climatic variables are considered to be the norm for determining the stem volume increment of leaf area index and mean annual increment of stem volume. The variables included Annual evapo-transpiration, temperature, rainfall, precipitation, vapor pressure deficit, relative humidity etc.
Pro-Mod, a ‘process-based’ forest growth model by Drs Michael Battaglia and Peter Sands, was used to forecast the Leaf Area Index and wood volume production.
The i
igation and non-i
igation data on the plantation were used to evaluate the role of water in plant growth and its interaction with various predefined climatic conditions. Volume data from 16sites with i
igated and uni
igated systems were analyzed against 8climatic variables. Microsoft Excel and plotted in a scattered plot for regression analysis in a diversed map.
Results:
A. Mean Annual Increment and Climate
i. Uni
igated:
We can see a positive co
elation between volume and evapo-transpiration, minimum temperature and annual rainfall. There is a significant increase in volume production with the rise in these climatic parameters. Nevertheless, the volume increase is not so important with the minimum temperature. Whereas there is a negative co
elation between pan-evaporation, vapor pressure deficit, maximum temperature, average temperature and solar radiation with volume production. Minimizing these weather parameters could therefore increase the output of volumes. Nevertheless, the mean annual increase in volume has a negligible effect on average temperature and solar radiation.
Figure a: Relation between climatic parameters and Mean Annual Increment on E. grandis with the provision of i
igation and Un-i
igation.