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APPENDIX 1 Mine Design and Feasibility Hard Rock Project Nordberg Project Project Description and Scope Table of Contents 1. Introduction...

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APPENDIX 1
Mine Design and Feasibility
Hard Rock Project
Nordberg Project
Project Description and Scope
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ............................................................................................... XXXXXXXXXX4
2. Geology ..................................................................................................... XXXXXXXXXX5
3. Geotechnical Information .......................................................................... XXXXXXXXXX5
4. Caveability Assessment ............................................................................. XXXXXXXXXX7
5. Requirements ............................................................................................. XXXXXXXXXX9
6. Assumptions .............................................................................................. XXXXXXXXXX9
7. Project Tasks and Weekly Schedule ........................................................ XXXXXXXXXX10
Week 7 - Familiarisation with the Project - ........................... ................ XXXXXXXXXX10
Week 8 – Tuition Free Week – .....................................................................................
Week 9 - System Evaluation and Design; Equipment Selection – ...... XXXXXXXXXX10
Week 10 - System Engineering Design – ..................... .......................... XXXXXXXXXX10
Week 11 - Project Progress Presentation, Technical, Environmental and OHS
Factors; Risk Definition – ...................................................................... XXXXXXXXXX11
Week 12 - Systems Evaluation – ............................................................ XXXXXXXXXX12
Week 13 - Finalise Project – ................................................................... XXXXXXXXXX12
8. Deliverables and Assessment Criteria ..................................................... XXXXXXXXXX13
3
1. Introduction
Nordberg is a copper and gold deposit located 185 kilometres north of Mt Isa in
Queensland (Figure 1). The deposit is fully owned by Oldhill Mining Company which
has 6,000 hectares of land around the mine, of which the mining lease covers 1,630
hectares. The mine is cu
ently mining a pit with an annual production of 2.5M t.
Due to the increased haulage cost, the surface operation in this project is approaching
the end of its life. The owners are considering an underground operation that could
extend the mine life. The underground project specifically addresses the design and
development of the major access systems for the mine. The owners have adopted a
provisional design for the overall extraction of the orebody utilising a block caving
operation. However, the layout of the extraction level is not finalized. Therefore, you
are also required to design the extraction level layout along with the labour and
equipment requirements.
Figure 1: Geographic location of the deposit.
4
2. Geology
Copper-gold mineralisation at Nordberg (Figure 2) occurs within stockwork quartz
veins, disseminations and
eccia associated with the intrusion of pipelike quartz
monzonite porphyries.
The deposit is hosted within a mixed volcanic sequence intruded by minor monzonite
porphyry pipes, dykes and sills. Intrusives stem off a greater monzonite body below
the proposed extraction level. The mineralisation contains typical porphyry alteration
assemblages. K-feldspar, biotite and magnetite alteration are associated with
monzonite porphyry. Biotite, magnetite, epidote and chlorite alteration is associated
with the volcanic pile, monzonite sill and stock as weak disseminated to locally intense
epidote zones. Sericite washing is pervasive in all lithologies and can be intense as
quartz, pyrite selvages accompanying faults.
The deposit is hosted within a mixed sequence of latite sills with inter-bedded
sandstone and mudstone. The volcanic sequence was intruded by a monzonite body
at depth, interpreted to be a deep-rooted stock below mineralisation. The volcanic
sequence is also intruded by a monzonite sill, three phases of mineralising monzonite
porphyry and monzo-granite dykes. All rock types are cross-cut by na
ow late basic
dykes on an NNE-SSW orientation. The dykes are more prevalent deeper in the
deposit. The volcanic marker unit appears to dip at around 20 degrees to the south-
east and seems to be displaced by a steep east-west trending fault towards the west,
though no displacement is obvious to the east. Porphyry contacts are sharp or
ecciated and often obscured by late stage phyllic alteration. Within the volcanic pile
the sandstone marker bed, monzonite sill and monzonite body have been domained.
3. Geotechnical Information
Joints and veins are characterised by flat and steep sets sub parallel major shear
orientations. Core logging data indicated seven to eight fractures per metre, with
smooth and slightly rough surfaces and slightly curved planarity.
Answered 15 days After Sep 10, 2021

Solution

Asif answered on Sep 23 2021
145 Votes
MINE DESIGN AND FEASIBILITY HARD ROCK PROJECT
Table of Contents
Descriptions    4
Description of the Access System Options    4
Plant Selection and Equipment    9
Plant Selection    9
Equipment    10
Productivity development in Nordberg project    12
Operating hours    12
Availability and utilization    14
Operating costs, total cost capital, and unit costs    15
Operating costs    15
Total cost capital    17
Units’ costs    18
Project assumptions    20
Project Risks Associated with each Access System    21
OHS Requirements and Environmental Impacts    23
OHS Requirements    23
Environmental Impacts    24
Conclusion    25
Recommendations    25
Reference list    27
Descriptions
Description of the Access System Options
The Nordberg Copper and Gold Deposit is located at 185 Km North of Mount Isa, Queensland and consists of 1630 Hectares with an annual production of 2.5M-t from the mine pit. Selection of the main access system is developed at the planning stage as different factors are identified before selecting the suitable access system such as geology, topology, location, run-time, production rate, mining methods and operational costs associated with mine-life. As cited by Erdogan et al. (2017), a bid dip is selected in the main access as the ramp and shaft is adjusted in the ore body. The main access in the underground includes a decline and vertical shaft for pathways and these pathways are used in ore transportation.
Figure 1: Access Ways
(Source: Erdogan et al. 2017)
Existing structures are observed at the primary stages of access development such as Shafts or any other main accesses. A ramp or inner shaft is attached in the existing access for developing access to the mine. As guided by Villalba Matamoros and Kumral (2019), furthermore, a new Shaft from the surface is attached or connected to the deep ore zone in the mine. Loading stations, two crushing and an additional shaft in the mine which is further justified for constructing the suitable path for accessing the pit.
Figure 2: Access to New Ores
(Source: Dimitrakopoulos, 2018)
Vertical shafts are adequately useful in Australia as the mine depths are reaching at greater levels which is required for a higher production rate. Access by Shafts is the most recommended aspect in this stage as decline is adequately higher in Queensland. As stated by Dimitrakopoulos (2018), using declines in this stage is preferable as the mining depth is exceeded 1000m and provides competitive costs for an alternative solution of Shaft.
Adits could be an economical approach in Nordberg mine as the Orebody is stated above the general floor elevation and adequately effective in hilly areas. Whereas, inclined shafts are limited up to a shallow depth and developed in an inclined development length and mainly three or five times longer than a vertical shaft. As stated by Godoy (2018), in this case the production rate is adequately higher which is not suitable for implementing vertical shafts in access. Declines are effective in this stage as it provides an early access for shallow deposits and develops the ore body within an expected gradient of 12% approximately. Haulages declines are the preferable solution for avoiding shaft hoisting and could provide access to a widespread in accessing the mine pit.
    Parameters
    Inclined Shafts
    Vertical Shafts
    Decline/Ramp
    Inclination Limit (Opening)
    â‰¥ 20°
    >20° in Vertical
    â‰¥ 8°
    Limitation Depth
    â‰¥ 150 m
    Exceeding Depth ~ 100m
    â‰¥ 250 m
    Rock Type Driven Entry (Usual)
    Waste Rock / in Ore Body
    Waste Rock / Black Rock
    Waste Rock / Black Rock
    Position Deposit (w.r.t.)
    F/W Side of Waste Rock / Along Deposit
    Overlying Strata (Flat Deposits) / F/W (Steep Deposits)
    F/W in Side Deposit
    Principal Purpose
    Earlier Access to Shallow Deposits to Produce Ores / Personnel Access
    Deposit Access and Ore Production Regularly (Permanent Mine Entry)
    Trackless Equipment Usage to Earlier Access to Shallow Deposits
Table 1: Access System Options
(Source: Created by Researcher)
Figure 3: Block Cave Layout
(Source: Created by Researcher)
Figure 4: Excavation Level
(Source: Created by Researcher)
Figure 5: Extraction Level
(Source: Godoy, 2018)
Technical Considerations Analysis
The deposit in the Nordberg mineralisation project is mixed with multiple volcanic sequence which will be considered by adding sills, porphyry pipes and dykes. The intrusive stem will be preferable at the below Extraction Level. Biotite, Epidote and Chlorite are associated with the monzonite porphyry (Rimélé et al. 2020). Inter-blended sandstones and mudstones are mixed in a proportion to host the deposit. Shear orientations are found in that area as Joints and Veins are characterised into core logging information of 8 fractures in a meter.
The level of micro fracture is adequately low except for high level shear rocks. Triaxial, UCS, and Point Load Testing will be conducted for identifying the Slowness Co
elations. Strengths will be used as 140 MPa for monzonite as well as 98 MPa for volcanic materials respectively. GSI and RMR Adaptions are used in describing the Rock Mass Strength (Araya et al. 2020). The In-situ Stress are extrapolated from neighbours’ deposits and measured at the extraction level as 39 MPa, 25MPa and 16MPa respectively. The Critical Hydraulic Radius will be considered at 37.5 in ore body which is equidimensional.
Plant Selection and Equipment
Plant Selection
The Mine Facility Location Selection (MFLS) method is applied for selecting the plant for the Nordberg project in Queensland. A multi-step approach is considered to the MFLS approach as a primary Screening Process is conducted for identifying the potential areas around mine facilities based on its su
ounding Geographical Information System (GIS). As guided by Araya et al. (2020), discrete alternatives are also identified in case of alternative options for mining facilities in Nordberg.
Environmental components are measured based on their impacts in each facility that can affect the su
ounding environment. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is developed to find a preferable location for mining access and facilities as the Suitability Criteria of the Nordberg mine is refe
ed to as 77.3%. As cited by Rimélé et al. (2020), it can be said that the selected location must be avoided from potential hazards and remedial measures would be taken for protecting the su
ounding environment.
Unification of social, environmental and economic aspects are considered to select the MFLS method as the most preferable plant for mining operations. As guided by He
lewhite (2021), the Tailing Pond location is an issue to this project which needs to be identified for a long-term commitment to the site. Mechanical and physical characteristics are identified based on the deposits of ground conditions in the ore zone, footwall and depth below surfaces. As stated by Ordin and Vasil (2021), Geotechnical properties are considered to balance the respective parameters of the pit as well as conducting mining operations. Economic factors such as operating costs, capital costs, ores and values of minerals are considered. Similarly, technical factors such as mining rate, mine recovery and methods flexibility are required to select the suitable plant in Nordberg.
Equipment
Nordberg is located at 185 Km of Mount Isa and based on the Geotechnical Information it can be said that the hard Rock Mine extraction is necessary to be ca
ied out by blasting or drilling. Blasted Rocks could be loaded in Inclined Galleries steeply by which it could fall into an Access Shaft and loaded into separate containers for removal. As cited by Cuello and Newcombe (2018), different pieces of equipment are used in underground mining as it could be similar for the Nordberg project.
    Equipment
    Description
    Mining Drill
    It is also refe
ed to as Jumbo Drilling as the main function of this equipment is to drill fronts to perform related trimming processes. It has a reliable working time which is necessary for developing safer and vast amounts of productivity (Nehring et al. 2018).
    Underground Loade
    It is often called a Scoop and used in blasting the surface in front to develop access ways. Materials in the forehead of a cave are removed by this equipment to a separate Marine Collection Point or it deposits the materials in an empty pit (Nehring et al. 2018).
    Crane Lift
    It is used to work in fronts and based on the needs of workers. It can perform loading of multiple explosives for fortification and ca
ies out the upfront works in height (Nehring et al. 2018).
    Shotcrete Machine
    It is mechanical equipment that is used to project the shotcrete in a wet or dry facility. It provides better progress and quality for the earthwork in mining (Nehring et al. 2018).
    Longwall
    It is a shearing machine that is used in tunnel preparation as well as underground gallery construction and it includes tips to
eak into the hardest surfaces of rocks (Nehring et al. 2018).
    Caterpillar Mining Machine
    It can be accessed by cellular networks and uses the blades to cut through hard rock surfaces (Nehring et al. 2018).
    Earth Movers
    It is used to ca
y out loose soils in mine pits and helps to move the soil from different locations or in containers. It is beneficial in the vast amount of earth moving and provides more practical processes in mining (Nehring et al. 2018).
Table 2: Required Equipment
(Source: Created by Researcher)
Productivity development in Nordberg project
Operating hours
    Estimation of total operational hours
    Day
    Start time
    End time
    Total hours worked in a day (In hours)
    Total hours worked on that in a month (In hours)
    A total hour worked throughout the project (In hours)
    Monday
    6:00 AM
    8:00 PM
    14
    56
    672
    Tuesday
    8:00 AM
    10:00 PM
    14
    56
    672
    Wednesday
    9:00 PM
    7:00 AM
    10
    40
    480
    Thursday
    6:00 PM
    10:00 AM
    16
    64
    768
    Friday
    7:00 AM
    8:00 PM
    13
    65
    780
    Saturday
    8:00 AM
    10:00 PM
    14
    56
    672
    Sunday
    8:00 PM
    10:00 AM
    14
    70
    980
    Total operating hours
    5024
Table 3: Operating hours
(Source: MS Excel)
In the completion of the present project, it...
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