After reading the chapter and the additional information I provided on organ donation, do you feel that organ donation should be mandatory - law? Discuss the pros and cons of making such policy. Also think about the following questions: Should it be required for specific people? Should all people be counseled on it as they get older or if they wind up in the hospital? Make sure, along with your personal opinions, that you also synthesize specific information from the text with the additional information on organ donation into your post.
Activity on organ donation – please use as reference for the assignment post
Research suggests that the majority of Americans has a positive attitude toward organ and tissue donation (Feeley & Servoss, XXXXXXXXXXAlthough there is generally a positive attitude toward organ and tissue donation, there is a reluctance to discuss organ and tissue donation with family members and to register as a donor (e.g., Cosse & Weisenberger, 2000; Feeley & Servoss, XXXXXXXXXXSurveying 502 university students, Feeley and Servoss XXXXXXXXXXfound that the majority of students expressed positive attitudes toward organ donation. However, only 11% were registered donors.
[However] More than 100,000 people are on the national organ transplant waiting list. Due to the shortage of suitable organs, approximately 19 people die each day waiting for an organ. This shortage is mainly the result of a lack of organ donors (Co
, Nabe, & Co
, 2009; www.anatomicalgiftact.org; www.organdonor. gov). (Lisa Bauer, Classroom Activities for a Course on Death, Dying, and Bereavement).
Please spend the next ten minutes writing about your thoughts, feelings, and attitudes toward organ and tissue donation. What life experiences (e.g., knowing someone who has received a transplant) and/or factors have influenced your thoughts, feelings, and attitudes toward organ and tissue donation? If someone were to ask you how you feel about organ donation, how would you respond?
PowerPoint Presentation
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Adulthood and Aging
Chapte
Dying,Death,and Bereavement
13
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Death Anxiety
Involves fears of death-related factors:
Dying process
Moment of death
Situation of our body
Spirit after death
Unknown beyond this life
Fear of obliteration
Fear of death peaks in young adulthood
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Death Anxiety (cont'd)
Declines in middle age and late adulthood
Older adults closer to death do not report anxiety; report anxiety of prolonged dying process
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
End-of-life Decisions
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Advance Directives
Advance Directives: legal documents detailing (wishes of) end-of-life concerns
Allows patients to survive through emergency life-support technology
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Advance Directives (cont'd)
Patient Self-Determination Act, 1960, empowers patients:
Patients can direct own health care
Accept
efuse treatment
Prepare advance directive documents
Psychiatric advance directives for mental health treatments
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Advance Directives (cont'd)
Living will: a self directive with instructions to sustain/prolong life
After preparing, revisit the document
Health care proxy: appoint designated individual to make important decisions
Document called durable power of attorney of health care
Another procedure: durable power of attorney for finances
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Palliative Care and Hospice Programs
Palliative care treats symptoms and keeps individual comfortable
Can begin anytime after diagnosis
Hospice care: given in last few months of life
For terminally ill patients in last 6 months of life
Care takes place in patient’s home
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Palliative Care and Hospice Programs (cont'd)
Physiological concerns for patients in hospice care:
Pain management
Shortness of
eath
Digestive problems
Incontinence
Skin
eakdown
Fatigue
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Palliative Care and Hospice Programs (cont'd)
Psychological concerns:
Depression
Anxiety
Confusion
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Death
Dilemma: whether severely ill patients to continue futile life-sustaining procedures
Passive euthanasia: allowing “nature to take its course”
Active euthanasia: direct action of shortening patient’s life; is illegal
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Death (cont'd)
Physician-assisted suicide: legal in the state of Oregon, and other parts of the world
Controversial to consider terminally ill capable of rational thinking
Physician-assisted suicide not unconstitutional
In Oregon Death With Dignity Act passed in 1997
Such deaths account for 0.01%
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Close to Death
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Psychological Changes (cont'd)
Five-stage model of dying patients proposed:
Stage 1: denial
Patient believes they are mis-diagnosed
They are curable
Stage 2: ange
Patient shows anger at God, loved ones, medical professionals, self
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Psychological Changes (cont'd)
Five-stage model of dying patients proposed:
Stage 3: bargaining
Postpone death; may pray
Stage 4: depression
Death seems reality
Stage 5: acceptance
Acknowledgment of one’s situation
Mental preparation
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Interacting with those Who are Dying
Dying person may be wo
ied about being abandoned
Be present:
Physically, and psychologically
Talk when dying person wishes to; remain close and be respectful
Better to communicate about important matters
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Interacting with those Who are Dying (cont'd)
Be present:
Do not ignore/downplay the fact of dying
Talk about it
Be prepared to ask hard questions, using difficult (painful) words
Create an environment of comfort for the individual: place personal items around
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Physiological Changes
Bodily changes as death approaches:
Drowsiness and confusion
Lack of interest in food/water; reduced intake
Loss of bladder and bowel control
Limbs and skin cool
Death rattle:
eathe noisily
Changes in heart rate
Involuntary movements
Seizure may occu
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Physiological Changes (cont'd)
Physically comfort dying person
Stay with body of bereaved, pray and grieve togethe
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Transitions
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Marking the End of Life
Marking of event of death influenced by:
Culture
Religious traditions
Personal and family preferences
Funeral/memorial service facilitates a closure
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
You have the right…
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Marking the End of Life (cont'd)
Traditional funeral:
Preparation of body
Viewing/visitation
Service at funeral home
Burial, entombment, cremation
Direct burial:
No preparation or embalming
Simple containe
Quick burial
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Marking the End of Life (cont'd)
Direct cremation
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) encourages adults to plan their funeral
Average funeral cost is $10,000
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Bereavement
Amount of time individuals spend to recover varies
No co
ect way to cope with grief
Adjustment influenced by
Age
Personality
The way loved one died
Religious/cultural background
Social support
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Bereavement (cont'd)
Bereavement: time between experience of loss and full adjustment to routine
Grief: emotional reaction to loss
Mourning: behaviors expected by one’s cultural and/or religious traditions
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Bereavement (cont'd)
Four phases of bereavement:
Shock and numbness
Separation anxiety
Disorganization and despai
New routines
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Complicated Grief
Having difficulty adjusting to loss
Experiencing long-lasting and intense grief
Feelings of emptiness, bitterness
Symptoms of grief may reduce after six months
May have difficulty in
Maintaining employment
Social relationships
Normal functioning
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Adulthood and Aging
Marion G. Mason
Complicated Grief (cont'd)
Complicated grief seen in recent widows/widowers
Show signs of:
Major depressive disorde
PTSD
Panic disorde
Generalized anxiety
Helpful to join support group or seek psychotherapy