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David answered on
Dec 26 2021
Paper Title (use style: paper title)
Design and Estimation of Hy
id power system
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line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organization
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line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organization
line 2-name of organization, acronyms acceptable
line 3-City, Country
line 4-e-mail address if desired
Abstract—Electrical power plays one of vital role in our daily
life. The most of electrical power which we are using is from
fossil fuels which are creating lot of environmental problems. So
to overcome these problems the usage of renewable energy is
must. Our country is having large resource of wind and solar
energy. There is significant growth in technology to extract
power from these sources in most economical manner. In this
paper Design and Estimation of isolated power system with
hy
id combination solar and wind for load capacity of 3000W
and maximum demand of 10000W is shown.
Keywords—renewable energy , solar, wind, hy
id power
system,island power system.
I. INTRODUCTION
Presently United States 30 percent of total energy
consumption is coming from electric power supply. Most of
electric power supply is coming from fossil fuels. Fossil fuels
are creating lots of environmental issues like global warning,
environmental disaster etc. So usage of renewable energy is
ecome most necessary requirement. United states wind
energy potential is shown in figure 1. Where we can see most
of the month wind potential is greater than requirement.
United states solar energy potential is shown in figure 2
Which shows that overall solar potential of US is greater
than 4kwh/m
2
/day.
So by hy
id combination of solar and wind we can
increase the reliability and flexibility of electric power supply.
II. SOLAR PV ARRAY
A. Priciple of Solar Photo Voltaic a
ay
Photo voltaic cells are made of pn type semiconductor
material as shown in figure 3. Whenever light falls on pv cell
more number of electron and hole will be generated which in
turn moves through external electrical contact to load as
shown figure 3.
The VI characteristics of Photovoltaic cell for different
intensity is shown in figure 4.
Fig.1 :plot of monthly wind energy potential and
monthly energy consumption
Fig.2: Annual average solar intensity of all US states.
Fig. 3:solar photo voltaic cell working principle
With increase in light intensity cu
ent of solar cell
increases and there is slight change maximum power point
which is shown in figure 4. So it‟s important to track the
maximum power point continuously .
B. Different types of solar modules
Monocrystalline Silicon Solar PV: monocrystalline silicon
solar PV is the one the technology to deliver maximum
efficiency, as measured by output wattage to the panel size.
But it is costly. The best one in solar PV technology is
polycrystalline silicon, efficiency levels almost near
monocrystalline panels, but at much lower cost.
Monocrystalline solar is manufactured by building a single
crystal. these crystals are normally an oval shape,
monocrystalline panels are cut into the distinctive structure .
the sliced silicon cells expose the missing corners in the grid-
like shape. The crystal in a monocrystalline is uniform,
producing a uniform blue color and no grain appearence,
giving it the maximum purity and large efficiency levels.
Polycrystalline Silicon Solar PV: Polycrystalline solar is
manufactured by pouring molten silicon into a cast. However,
ecause of construction method, the crystal structure will form
i
egular, creating boundaries where the crystal formation
creaks. This gives the polycrystalline silicon its characteristic,
grainy appearance.
Because of these impurities in the crystal, polycrystalline
silicon is having low efficiency when compared with
monocrystalline. However, this process uses very less energy
and materials, so it is most economic compare to
monocrystalline
Thin-Film Solar PV: The technology with the less
manufacturing is thin-film, it is a good option for projects with
low power requirements but needs for less weight and
portability. Thin-film technologies have produced a best
efficiency of 20.3%, with the most known material amorphous
silicon at 12.5%.
Thin-film panels can be produced from a different kinds of
materials, with the main being amorphous silicon (a-Si), the
most predominant type, cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper
indium gallium selenide (CIS/CIGS). As a technology that‟s
still progressing, thin-film cells have the great potential to be
less expensive.
C. PV modeling
A PV a
ay consists of many photovoltaic cells in shunt and
series connections. a solar cell can be modeled by a cu
ent
source and an inverted diode connected in shunt combination
to it. It has its own shunt and series resistance. shunt resistance
is due to the leakage cu
ent and Series resistance is due to
obstacle in the path of flow of electrons from n to p junction.
Equivalent circuit diagram of PV model is shown in figure 5.
D. Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms
According to Maximum Power Transfer proposition, the
power output of a circuit is maximum when the impedance of
the circuit matches with the load impedance.
There are different techniques used to track the maximum
power point. Few of the most popular techniques are: 1)
Incremental Conductance method 2) Pertu
and Observe (hill
climbing method) 3) Fractional open circuit voltage 4)
Fractional short circuit cu
ent 5) Neural networks 6) Fuzzy
logic
Pertu
& Observe Pertu
& Observe is the simplest
method. In this only one sensor is used , that is the voltage
sensor, to sense the PV a
ay voltage and so the cost of
implementation is economic and hence easy to implement.
The time complexity of this algorithm is very less but on
apporaching very close to the MPP it doesn‟t stop at the MPP
and keeps on pertu
ing on both the directions. When this
happens the algorithm has reached very close to the MPP and
we can set an appropriate e
or limit or can use a wait function
which ends in increasing the time complexity of the algorithm.
However the method does not take account of the sudden
change of i
adiation level and considers it as a change of
MPP due to pertu
ation and ends up in wrongly calculating
MPP. To overcome this problem we can use incremental
conductance algorithm.
Incremental conductance: This method uses voltage
and cu
ent sensors to measure the output voltage and cu
ent
of the PV module. At MPP the PV curve slope is zero.
( )
( )
Here sensing of both the voltage and cu
ent are
simultaneously done. Hence the e
or due to change in
Fig. 4: VI characteristics of solar cell
Fig.5: equivalent circuit Photovoltaic cell.
i
adiance is removed. However the complexity and the cost of
implementation also increases.
Fractional open circuit voltage The near linear relationship
etween and of the PV a
ay, under varying
i
adiance and temperature levels, has given rise to the
fractional method.
where k is a constant of proportionality. Since k is
dependent on the characteristics of the PV a
ay being used.
The factor k has been reported to be between 0.71 and 0.78.
Once k is known, VMPP can be calculated with VOC
measured periodically by momentarily shutting down the
power converter.
Fractional short circuit cu
ent Fractional results
from the fact that, under varying atmospheric conditions,
is approximately linearly related to the of the PV a
ay.
Where k2 is proportional constant.
Fuzzy Logic Control Microcontrollers have made
using fuzzy logic control popular for MPPT over recent years.
Fuzzy logic controllers have the advantages of working with
imprecise inputs.
Neural Network is one more method of implementing
MPPT which are also well adapted for microcontrollers is
neural networks. Neural networks have three layers input,
hidden, and output layers. The number nodes in each layer
vary and also user-dependent.
E. Complte block digaram of Photovoltaic generation.
The photovoltaic plant consist of solar cell a
ays which are
connected in series and parallel combination. The output these
a
ays is DC which is given to Battery supply where the energy
generated by PV a
ay is stored. Battery supply given to
inverter where DC to AC conversion take place. The complete
lock diagram is shown in figure 5.
III. WIND POWER PLANT
Complete diagram of wind power generation is shown in
figure 6. The wind energy is converted to rotational energy
and it is given to generator through gear a
angement. The
generator generates the AC power which is then converted to
DC by using rectifier circuit .the DC out is given to battery.
Fig. 6: wind power generation with storage system.
Fundamental Equation of Wind Power
Wind power depends on amount of air, speed of air and
mass of air
Power is given by
̇
And ̇
Therefore power expression will become
by
where Pwind is power in wind
A=area of cross section
V=velocity of wind.
ρ= air density
The following plot in figure 7 gives the relationship
etween wind speed in KMPH and the power density.
Fig. 7: complete block diagram of solar photovoltaic
generation.
Fig. 8: plot of wind power density with respect
wind speed.
Types of Wind Tu
ine
1. Vertical-Axis – VAWT
Vertical axis wind tu
ine work at low speed with low
ouput rating.
2. Horizontal-Axis – HAWT
Vertical axis wind tu
ine work at high speed with
high ouput rating.
Presently the low power horizontal axis wind tu
ine are also
available .
IV. BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES
Battery device enables the energy produced in a chemical
eaction to be converted directly into electricity.
A battery is a transportable energy source with three main
asic components an Anode, a Cathode and an Electrolyte.
A battery is a device that consists of two (or) more galvanic
cells connected in series (or) shunt(or) both which converts
chemical energy into electrical energy via redox reactions. Ex:
- Lead-Acid battery, Nickel-Cadmium battery, etc….
The batteries size of the recent day range from a...