3.4 WWI & the Middle East
Summative Assessment
Historical Significance: Examine the Role of WWI in Shaping the Middle East
Write a short paper answering 5 out of 6 of the questions below. Remember to
ing specific
examples from the notes and slides as evidence to support your points.
1. Explain how the Middle East was connected to World War I altogether. What role did the
Middle East play in the conflict? (Interests, parties involved, arena for warfare)
2. Specify British interests in the Middle East, and explain how the wartime deals the British
made supported those interests.
3. Explain how the wartime agreements and/or the post-war settlement (developed at Paris
and San Remo) changed the Middle East forever.
4. Evaluate the Mandate system - in your opinion, was it a step towards or a step away
from self-determination?
5. Explain Jon Stewart’s opinion of the impact of British decision-making on the Middle
East. Based on what your cu
ent knowledge, do you agree or disagree with his
assessment? Predict the problems or advantages of these new borders looming down
the line.
6. Describe TWO major takeaways from this unit that you think will be relevant to the rest of
this course.
Additional Instructions
● 2 pages, double-spaced, size 12 font, Times New Roman font.
● This assignment does not need to be in a formal essay format. Please answer the
questions in paragraph form, with no headings. Remember to indent each paragraph
and proofread before submitting.
● If citing outside sources, use Chicago style footnotes and include a bibliography.
● Submit to BOTH Turnitin and Google Classroom by Wednesday, January 13th at
11:59pm.
https:
drive.google.com/file/d/1vOPz0iZqTe74orBs_F88DTi3eFaDfquU/view?usp=sharing
Grading Ru
ic
Total: /28
Criteria Level Four Level Three Level Two Level One
Comprehension of
Material
❏ Knowledge &
Understanding
8
Student demonstrates a
high degree of
understanding of ideas,
concepts and themes.
Student answers all
questions and thoroughly
addresses the issues in
question
Student
demonstrates a solid
degree of
understanding of
ideas, concepts and
themes.
Student answers
questions and
addresses the
issues in question
Student
demonstrates a
degree of
understanding of
ideas, concepts and
themes.
Student answers
some questions,
somewhat
addresses the
issues in question
Student demonstrates a
limited degree of
understanding of ideas,
concepts and themes.
Student does not answer
questions and does not
adequately addresses the
issues in question
Analysis & Evidence
Building
❏ Thinking
8
Student offers highly
thorough and detailed
analysis of the issues in
question.
Student uses highly
elevant, detailed and
convincing evidence to
support their claims
Student offers
thorough and
detailed analysis of
the issues in
question.
Student uses
elevant evidence
supports their claims
Student offers
somewhat thorough
and detailed
analysis of the
issues in question.
Student uses some
elevant evidence to
support their claims
Student offers limited
analysis of the issues in
question.
Student does not use
elevant evidence to
support their claims
New Ideas
❏ Application
4
Student applies prior
learning to offer highly
thoughtful and relevant
takeaways and
predictions based on
cu
ent knowledge.
Student applies prior
learning to offer
mostly thoughtful
and relevant
takeaways and
predictions based on
cu
ent knowledge.
Student applies prior
learning to offer
some thoughtful and
elevant takeaways
and predictions
ased on cu
ent
knowledge.
Student applies prior
learning to offer limited
takeaways and predictions
ased on cu
ent
knowledge.
Writing and
Development
❏ Thinking
❏ Communication
4
Student’s writing is clear,
ideas are well-developed
Makes explicit and
elegant transitions
from one idea to next,
further developing
thesis.
Student’s writing is
mostly clear, ideas
are developed
Makes mostly clear
transitions from one
idea to the next,
helping to
develop thesis
Student’s writing is
somewhat unclear,
ideas are somewhat
underdeveloped
Uses transitions but
lacks smooth
flow from one idea
to the next
Student’s writing is
unclear, ideas are not
developed
Few or inco
ect use of
transitions, ideas do not
flow smoothly
Mechanics –
spelling, grammar,
punctuation,
sentence flow,
vocabulary
Citation, Footnotes,
Bibliography
❏ Communication
4
Grammar and / or
spelling used precisely
and accurately;
excellent sentence flow;
vocabulary and phrasing
specific and varied.
Student follows citation
format with meticulous
care.
Grammar and / or
spelling used with
considerable
accuracy;
sentence flow
mostly effective;
mostly good
vocabulary and
phrasing.
Student follows
citation format with
care.
Grammar and / or
spelling used with
limited accuracy;
lack of sentence
flow;
weak vocabulary.
Student follows
citation format with
some care.
Numerous spelling /
grammar e
ors. Writing
lacks coherence.
Student does not follow
citation format.
Feedback
Keepers:
★
Polishers:
★
MME Topic 3: WWI & The Making of the Modern Middle East
Ms. Minkowitz - Duplicate Notes
Notes on Slide Show #1:
3.1 WWI
Key questions:
What did the world looked like prior to WWI?
How did WWI reshape the Middle East?
If we want to understand the reasons for conflict in the Middle East, it’s important to remember
that conflict could be traced to a number of causes. These include:
● Competition for natural resources
● Religious (sectarian) conflict
● Ethnic diversity and conflict
● State and non-state actors
● Foreign intervention
● Shifting alliances / coalitions
● The “Strongman” (usually a male dictator, which many Middle Eastern countries have in
power).
● Displacement and migration
● Modern vs. Classical
● East vs. West
● Shifting borders
In this unit we are going to look at begin to understand how the final two causes lead to conflict
--
1) the differences between the East in the world (such as the Middle East) and the West
(such as Great Britain, France, and the US) in terms of mentality, approach and whose
interests are more important.
2) How changing borders are also important for setting the stage for conflict, and how
conflict over borders happens a lot in the Middle East.
Jon Stewart video about who's to blame for the problems in the Middle East. Stewart sees the
British as the source of the problem for conflicts today because they drew borders in the Middle
East in a way that didn’t take the people there into account. The British were more focused in
furthering their own interests and goals.
Taking a step back for a minute - Our course is called Modern Middle East - when does this
“modern” period start?
We would say the modern period starts with World War I, which changed a lot of things for the
world. It changed the nature of warfare, reset borders and the balance of power in the world,
and was a big psychological shift for the people living at the time.
1
Summary of World War I:
● What: A multi-front war that engaged all of the world powers
● Sides: Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire) vs. Allies (Great
Britain, France, Russian Empire and eventually US)
● Dates: August XXXXXXXXXX
● Locations:
○ Western Front: France, Belgium
○ Eastern Front: Russian Empire, Germany
○ Middle Eastern Front: Turkey, Palestine, Iraq
● Causes for War: Militarism, Alliance system, Imperialism, Nationalism & assassination.
● Significance: changed warfare; tremendous loss of life;
eakup of empires
The British Empire
The countries of Europe had been busy building their empires. Countries would do this by
forming colonies in other countries they controlled. European countries controlled countries in
Africa and Asia either through diplomatic means (treaties, agreements) or military means
(waging war).
Both France and Britain had built empires, but the vastest empire of all before the war was the
British Empire. There was a famous quote that said, “the sun never set on the British Empire”
ecause they controlled te
itory across most of the time zones in the globe. This meant that it
was always daylight someplace in the empire at any given time. Britain was always doing
whatever it could to build and protect its empire. An empire
ought glory and prestige to a
country, it was a source of natural resources as well as markets for selling goods, and it also
provided strategic access to water and shipping routes.
The Middle East Before World War I
Before the war, the map looked like the picture on the left - you could see a few bands of color,
ut bigger te
itories. By 1922, the map looked very different - a number of colors and new,
na
ower borders. Our question now becomes -- how did we get from picture A to picture B?
2
http:
www.english-online.at/history/world-war-1/map-of-western-front.jpg
http:
www.english-online.at/history/world-war-1/eastern-front.gif
http:
gue
e1418.org/photos/plans/FrontOrient1914-16GF.gif
Before World War I, the Middle East contained three main components:
1) The Ottoman Empire
2) Persia
3) Arabia
Pre-War Ottoman Empire:
During World War I, the centuries-old Ottoman Empire mostly encompassed the areas around
Turkey, Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine (Israel hadn’t been created yet). Armenia was also
part of the empire.
Te
itory: At its height, OE controlled huge swaths of te
itory, including Hungary, the Balkan
egion, Greece, and parts of Ukraine; portions of the Middle East now occupied by Iraq, Syria,
Israel, and Egypt; North Africa as far west as Algeria; and large parts of the Arabian Peninsula.
OE ruled Palestine from 1517 to 1917, the longest period of time any one empire or kingdom
uled that te
itory.
Ethnicity: At its height, OE controlled huge swaths of te
itory that included populations of many
different ethnicities → OE is a multi-ethnic empire that included Greeks, Bulgarians, Jews,
Kurds, Arabs
Pre-War Persia:
● What is now modern-day Iran
● Was divided into three spheres of influence before the war: Russian-controlled,
British-controlled, and a neutral zone
● During the war it became a strategic battleground for Russian, and British troops to
counter the Turks
Prewar Arabia:
Arabia: This encompassed most of modern-day Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Yemen and the
United Arab Emirates. Parts of it were fought over by the Ottoman Empire for a century prior to
the war, when power had gone back and forth, but the region remained relatively autonomous
during World War I.
3
The Ottoman Empire is going to be our focus for the rest of this unit. As noted, at its height the
Ottoman Empire controlled huge swaths of te
itory. Much of this te
itory was valuable in the
eyes of Europeans. As the empire declined from its previous strength. European powers like
France, Portugal and Great Britain stood ready to swoop in and benefit.
This cartoon comes from 1877, so a number of years before World War I. It shows a group of
men gathered around a map, holding scissors and preparing to cut. The men wearing the
clothing of different European countries. Off to the side is a smaller man wearing an Ottoman
fez, a distinctive hat. He appears to be smoking a hookah, and wears a cross expression. The
caption reads, “let us