Position Paper assignment help
· 1600-word position paper on this question “Is the Australian government dealing effectively with the economic implications of the covid 19 pandemic.”
· You are agreeing with this question but you must also talk about the negative impacts of the government when dealing with the covid 19 pandemic, your main point is agreeing with this question, but you must also talk about the negatives and show that the positives outweigh the negatives.
· 12-15 Scholarly resources, Harvard in-text referencing and reference list.
· Must follow the format on the position paper that I will be sending to you and also take a look at this format underneath.
1. An introduction
·
. Identification of the issue (background information)
. Statement of your position (main thesis statement)
2. The body
·
. A discussion of both sides of the issue (summary and limitations)
. Reasons why you position is stronge
. Supporting evidence or facts
3. A conclusion
·
. Suggested courses of action
. Possible solutions
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Microsoft Word - Example_Position_Paper.docx
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Identification of the Issue XXXXXXXXXXPg. 1 Main
Thesis Statement XXXXXXXXXXPg. 1
Body
Counter Views – Summary XXXXXXXXXXPg. 2
Counter Views – Limitations XXXXXXXXXXPg. 3
Thesis Argument XXXXXXXXXXPg. 4
Conclusion
Summary & Recommendations XXXXXXXXXXPg. 6
References XXXXXXXXXXPg. 7
INTRODUCTION
Identification of the Issue
Domestic violence refers to acts of violence that occur within intimate relationships and
take place in domestic settings (AIC: XXXXXXXXXXIt includes physical and sexual assault,
intimidation, threats, psychological and emotional abuse, social isolation and economic
deprivation (Bugeja et. al: XXXXXXXXXXDomestic violence intersects class, age, ability,
location, culture and religion (VicHealth: XXXXXXXXXXIt is predicated upon inequitable
elationship dynamics in which one person exerts power and coercive control over
another (Bugeja et. al: 2013) and whereby violence is most commonly perpetrated by
a male against a female partner. According to the ABS (2006), approximately one in
three Australian women have experienced physical violence committed by a cu
ent or
former male partner, and almost one in five have experienced some form of sexual
violence. Between 2013 and 2014, there were 31,621 reports of domestic violence in
NSW of which 69% of victims were women (Women in NSW: XXXXXXXXXXOf equal gravity,
statistics published by White Ri
on XXXXXXXXXXindicate that during the same period one
woman was killed every week as a result of intimate partner violence. However, the
consequences of domestic violence are more complex than these statistics suggest.
Within Australia, domestic violence is the largest contributor to the homelessness of
women and children, it is the single biggest health risk for females aged between 15 –
44 and distinct from physical injury, it has severe impacts on emotional wellbeing with
more women likely to increase behaviours associated with self-harm and substance
abuse (AIC: XXXXXXXXXXThe coup de grace; 17% of Australians consider domestic violence
a “private” matter (VicHealth: 2014), one in five believe there are circumstances in
which women bear some responsibility for violence (VicHealth: 2014), and only 36%
of victims actually report personal incidences of domestic violence to police (AIC:
2009).
Main Thesis Statement
Motives and justifications for domestic violence are complex, multifaceted and
contradictory. Contemporary explanations of domestic violence conclude that it is an
attempt to assert domination and control over women as a result of male inadequacies
(James et. al: 2002), it is shaped by sexist and traditional gender roles (Hunnicutt:
2014), is supported through peer culture, media and pornography (Flood & Fergus:
2008) and is more likely to occur where negative attitudes towards women are upheld
and legitimised by gender inequality (AIC: XXXXXXXXXXTwo key sociological theories emerge
in this debate; feminist theories which place gender, masculinity and patriarchal
domination at the centre of domestic violence, and family violence theories which
egard partner violence as just one aspect of a larger issue (Lawson: XXXXXXXXXXHowever,
this paper will advocate that gender is crucial in understanding and resolving the
significant social issue of domestic violence. “Men’s violence against women is not just
a women’s issue, it’s a social issue, it’s a men’s issue” (White
Ri
on: 2014), it requires community leaders, decision makers and effective social
policy in addressing gender inequity and reducing the prevalence of domestic violence
in Australia. Ultimately, men are both part of the problem and part of the solution
(Flood: XXXXXXXXXXIt is men that can most effectively challenge the attitudes and
ehaviours of their peers who use or condone violence against women (White Ri
on:
2014). Whilst it is acknowledged that domestic violence is experienced within GLBTI
elationships, the scope of this paper is limited to domestic violence within a
heterosexual context.
BODY
Counter Views - Summary
Over the past 20 years, attitudes towards domestic violence have shifted toward the
concept of ‘family violence’ including recognition of male victimisation and the influence
of socio-economic determinants. Statistics published by VicHealth XXXXXXXXXXindicate that
in 2009 only 30% of Australians maintained the view that men account for most
incidences of domestic violence. In fact, one in five Australians believe that domestic
violence is equally perpetrated by both men and women (AIC: XXXXXXXXXXAccordingly to
Lawson XXXXXXXXXXthe rate of female to male spousal assault in the USA is somewhat
similar, with females initiating violence in a large proportion of cases. However, he
asserts that severe social stigma attached to male victims prevents the accurate
eporting by men of assault perpetrated by female partners. Gordon XXXXXXXXXXmaintains
a similar perspective, arguing that women seek to control and aggress as much as
men and are equally aggressive in domestic conflict, but more likely to direct this into
ve
al and socially manipulative acts intended to challenge male superiority
(Hunnicutt: XXXXXXXXXXThese accounts of spousal abuse are most commonly supported by
‘family violence’ theories and reject gender difference in the use of violence in an
intimate relationship (Lawson: XXXXXXXXXXFamily violence theorists largely support the
notion of gender symmetry and structural inequalities in the occu
ence of domestic
violence, arguing it is just one expression of normative conflict within a larger family
structure (Lawson: XXXXXXXXXXIncreasingly applied in this argument is the personal,
situational and sociocultural factors (Flood & Pease: 2008) considered to impact the
propensity of male violence against female partners. Individual attributes including
age, academic attainment levels, income, class and race are argued by family violence
theorists to significantly influence the occu
ence of male violence (Flood & Fergus:
2008). Statistically, domestic violence is also more likely to involve rural and aboriginal
communities (AIC: 2009), alcoholism and substance abuse (Marcus & Braff & Gilbert:
2007), community disintegration and mental illness (White Ri
on: XXXXXXXXXXOn a whole,
family violence theory is primarily concerned with structural, social and economic
inequalities that mediate the use of violence, proposing that domestic violence is
ooted in conflict, not gender or patriarchal domination (Lawson: 2012).
Counter Views - Limitations
Contrary to US research that indicates domestic violence is equally perpetrated by men
and women (Lawson: 2012), statistics published by the ABS XXXXXXXXXXdemonstrate that
twice as many women as men experience violence by a cu
ent or former partner
suggesting that violence is structured along gendered lines (Hunnicutt: XXXXXXXXXXThe
notion that domestic violence is just as likely to be perpetrated by women is rejected
y Dobash & Dobash (in Lawson: 2012) whereby they acknowledge that couples may
occasionally experience physical force during conflict however, argue it is considerably
different to the systematic, frequent and
utal force typical of a violent relationship.
Accordingly, concepts such as family violence theory are considered far too gender
lind in explaining intimate partner violence, casting perpetrators and victims as
products of social disadvantage or marginalisation and obscuring the ways in which
every act of violence against women is embedded in a
oader social organisation
(Hunnicutt: XXXXXXXXXXAlthough family violence theory acknowledges male dominance as
a contributing factor to violence against women, it places exclusive focus on individual
characteristics of the victim, offender and/or situation, disregarding gendered power
a
angements (Hunnicutt: XXXXXXXXXXHowever, it is feminist theoretical accounts of
domestic violence that consider the relationship between violence, gendered power
elations and social constructions of masculinity that have considerably more
explanatory power than biological determinism or family violence theory (Flood: 2002).
The foundation of violence in society and history is supported in research which
identifies that violence is stronger in cultures where manhood is culturally defined as
linked to dominance, toughness or male honour (Flood: XXXXXXXXXXFurther, research by
VicHealth XXXXXXXXXXpoints to inequality between the sexes and an adherence to rigid
gender roles as more significant causes of domestic violence. This is substantiated by
Flood & Pease XXXXXXXXXXin research that demonstrates male economic and decision-
making dominance in the family is one of the strongest predictors of cross-cultural
societies in high levels of violence against women.
Thesis Argument
Feminist theories dispute the influence of biological and individual attributes in violence
perpetrated against