Your assignment must be completed as a magazine article.• The development of jet propulsion has helped to expand thecivil aviation dramatically over the past several decades. Asthe number of flights...

Assignment 1
Course Title: Introduction to Aviation (AVN1101)
Assignment Title – How has technological advancement of jet engine reduced the environmental impact of aviation?
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Running Head: Introduction to Aviation (AVN1101) 8
Introduction
With every new generation, the aircrafts have improved their fuel efficiency up to 25% better than the predecessor (Air Transport Action Group, 2019). With technological advancements in design, the modern aircrafts produce more than 80% less CO2 emissions per seat than the first Jet engines of 1950s (Salah, 2014). Their design involves advanced solutions include very low fuel consumption and very high travel speed. In addition to design improvements, the aviation authorities are also implementing the solutions like flight path optimization to reduce the jet noise, fuel consumption, extreme operational limits of the aircrafts and other constraints.
The aerodynamics, engine and structural efficiencies are important factors to determine the energy efficiency of the aircrafts. The consumption of fuel has significantly improved in newer aircrafts than the older ones by 40% since 1959. Most of these improvements were realized as bypass tu
ofan engines were introduced in 1970. Since then, the increase in bypass ratio has also increased the diameter of engines resulting into greater weight and increase in aerodynamics efficiency by 14%. Earlier the engines were made of aluminium whereas cu
ently they include 90% metal (Lee & Mo, 2011). The structural efficiencies of aircrafts have also seen reduction in pollutant emissions
Background History of Jet Propulsion
Jet Propulsion concept was derived from practical application of Isaac Newton’s III Law of motion which stated that every force exerted on a body has an equal and opposite reaction (Soares, 2015). In Jet propulsion, the atmospheric air acts as body, that accelerates while passing through the engine. The force applied to produce the acceleration is equally opposed by the apparatus in opposite direction. Similarly, the engine produces thrust to the combination of engine- propeller. Both of them thrust the lot of air backward and propel the Jet. The Jet Propulsion Engine accelerates the large stream of air expelling it at high velocity. The thrust exerted over the engine is proportional to the mass of air ejected by the engine and the imparted velocity change.
The concept was first implemented practically by Hero of Alexandria in 1st century AD when he designed an engine known as ‘Aeolipile’ (Landis, n.d.). He placed a hollow metal ball that had projecting tubes, over the two pipes to make it spin. The steam entered the ball passing through the tubes. While escaping from the tubes, the steam jets used to spin the ball. In Hero’s machine, the steam jets escaping the tubes show the action while the spinning ball refers to the reaction. Similar principle is practically applicable in jet engines. That’s why the Jet Engines are also called Reaction Engines. Later on, Newton also made a jet propelled ca
iage known as Newton’s wagon. In this a sphere filled with water was heated to produce a steam. The steam used to escape through the nozzle, (which projected back from the sphere) and propel the wagon.
The concept of Jet Propulsion first succeeded in 1939 when the world’s first Jet aircraft Heinkel He 178, flew successfully for the first time by Erich Warsitz, a Germen test pilot. The aircraft was designed by German Heinkel Company and the design of the aircraft was constructed by the engineer named Hands Von Ohain, who later got a patent for using the exhaust produced from gas tu
ine, as a method of propulsion. The aircraft was metallic, small and used diesel to run. It was the first aircraft that could fly solely on the tu
ojet power and had an HeS 3 Engine. The aircraft had a maximum speed of 380 mPH (Deffree, 2018).
First Jet engine Design and its working
Ohain and Whittle, both are considered as co inventors or father of the Modern Jet Engine prototype. Von...