Write up the answer to the entire question you have worked on based on the group work and workshop presentations. The report should be short (approximately 1000 words - not including: references,...

INTRODUCTION
Due to the rising prevalence of Chronic Diseases, overcrowding in the emergency departments are now a common scenario. ED crowding has become a major concern which is largely affecting the service quality delivered to the patients. The adverse effect is leading to greater number of mortality rate, poor satisfaction in health care service and degradation of overall performance of the healthcare professional
It improve the service of ED crowding in United Kingdom, the government has announced a time based urgent care target in 2004, which has a stipulated determined time limit of four hours on the length of stay (LOS) from the time of a
ival to release or transfer to a normal ward[1]. Several countries, including Australia [2], Denmark, New Zealand has introduced similar ED time based targets for ranging from 4 hours to 8 hours from time to a
ival to departure. According to reports, National Emergency Access Target (NEAT) was established in Australia in the year 2011 as fragment of the National Health Reform Agreement (NHRA) [3].After the introduction of NEAT it was found that there was an upsurge in the figure of patients given medical care and released from ED within four hours [4] [5] and decline in “access block”. It is basically a four hour rule which stipulates that a certain predetermined proportion of patients should be admitted, released or transfe
ed from ED within four hour from the time of a
ival. It was observed that since 2011 in Australia, there was a significant improvement in healthcare services in the ED section due to the implementation of NEAT, but it was also reported that the overall proportion of attending patients needing immediate care decreased since 2013-2014.According to all the emergency department demonstrations it was found that 90% of patients were attended within 1 hour and 39 minutes. This scenario has been consistent for the last four years, varying from 1 hour 30 minutes to 1 hour 35 minutes. According to Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) spokesperson Doctor Adrian Webster “In 2017–18, 72% of people presenting to emergency departments were seen ‘on time’ for their urgency (triage) category, a decrease from 75% in 2013–14. This varied across the states and te
itories, ranging from 49% of patients seen ‘on time’ in the Australian Capital Te
itory to 80% in New South Wales,’’
The reason for overcrowding of ED occurs due to limited staffs, inordinate numbers of patients needing immediate care, lack of coordination and also because of the inefficiency of the staffs due to inadequate staff training. These factors contribute to the LOS in ED worldwide [6] [7]. A case study assessment in one of the regional Australian regional hospital following the NHRA suggested that time based targets were one of the driving factor which helped in improving the service in ED departments, however keeping in mind the health of the patient [8].
HEALTH ECONOMIC THEORY
Emergency departments are the Armageddon of the health care system and plays a vital role in ensuring quality health...