write a literature review report on carbon nano tubes and graphene oxides.

A Literature Review Report
on
Ca
on Nanotubes and Graphene Oxide
Table of contents
Section/Subsection Page No.
Title Page 1
Table of content 2
ABSTRACT 3
1 INTRODUCTION 4
2 GRAPHENE OXIDE 4-5
3 STRUCTURE AND TYPES OF CARBON NANOTUBES
3.1 SINGLE-WALL NANOTUBES (SWNT)
3.2 MWNTS- MULTIPLE WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES
3.3 NANOTORUS:
3.4 NANO NORNS
5-7
5 METHODS OF PRODUCTIONS OF CNTS
5.1 Arc Discharge Method
5.2 Laser Ablation Method
5.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
7-8
7 PROPERTIES OF CNTs 9-10
8 APPLICATIONS OF CNTS 10-11
CONCLUSION 11
REFERENCES 12
Abstract—Ca
on nanotubes are unique tubular structures of nanometre diameter and large
length/diameter ratio. The nanotubes may consist of one up to ten and hundreds of concentric
shells of ca
ons with adjacent shells separation of _0.34 nm. The ca
on network of the shells is
closely related to the honeycomb a
angement of the ca
on atoms in the graphite sheets. The
amazing mechanical and electronic properties of the nanotubes stem in their quasi-one-
dimensional (1D) structure and the graphite-like a
angement of the ca
on atoms in the shells.
Thus, the nanotubes have high Young’s modulus and tensile strength, which makes them
preferable for composite materials with improved mechanical properties. The nanotubes can be
metallic or semiconducting depending on their structural parameters. This opens the ways for
application of the nanotubes as central elements in electronic devices including field-effect
transistors (FET), single-electron transistors and rectifying diodes. Possibilities for using of the
nanotubes as high-capacity hydrogen storage media were also considered. This report is intended
to summarize some of the major achievements in the field of the ca
on nanotube research both
experimental and theoretical in connection with the possible industrial applications of the
nanotubes.
Keywords— Ca
on Nano Tubes (CNT), Single-walled CNT (SWNT), Double-walled CNT
(DWNT), Multi-walled CNT (MWNT), Naohorns, Naobuds, Chemical vapor deposition (CVD),
electrical properties of CNT, Mechanical properties of CNT, Applications of CNT.
1. INTRODUCTION
A ca
on atom can form various types of allotropes. In 3D structures, diamond and graphite are
the allotropes of ca
on. Ca
on also forms low-dimensional (2D, 1D or 0D) allotropes
collectively known as ca
on nanomaterials. Examples of such nanomaterials are 1D ca
on
nanotubes (CNTs) and 0D fullerenes. In the list of ca
on nanomaterials, graphene is known as
2D single layer of graphite. This paper is intended to summarize the major achievements in the
field of the nanotube research in connection with the possible industrial applications of the
nanotubes. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses graphene oxide. Section 3
focuses on the structure and types of ca
on nanotubes. Section 4 focuses on Band Structure of
CNTs from Graphene. Section 5 focuses on the methods of production of ca
on nanotubes.
Section 6 explains the purification of ca
on nanotubes. Section 7 deals with the properties of
nanotubes. Section 8 overviews about the applications of ca
on nanotubes. Finally the report
ends with a conclusion.
2. GRAPHENE OXIDE
2.1 What is graphene oxide?
We know that graphene is an expensive material and it is relatively hard to produce it. Cu
ently,
a number of techniques are used to produce graphene and these include epitaxial growth,
chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and thermal or mechanical exfoliation. Large scale production
of graphene can also be effectively realized through chemical reduction of graphene oxide.
Graphene oxide is a single-atomic layered material which is made by the powerful oxidation
process of graphite, which is cheap and abundant. Graphene oxide is an oxidized form of
graphene, laced with oxygen-containing groups. It is considered easy to process since it is
dispersible in water (and other solvents), and it can even be used to make graphene. Graphene
oxide is not a good conductor, but there are processes which exist to augment its properties. It is
commonly sold in powder form, dispersed, or as a coating on substrates.
Graphene oxide is synthesized using four basic methods: Staudenmaier, Hofmann, Brodie and
Hummers. Many variations of these methods also exist, with improvements constantly being
explored to achieve better results and cheaper processes. The effectiveness of an oxidation
process is often evaluated by the ca
on/oxygen ratios of the graphene oxide.
2.2 Properties of Graphene Oxide
Due to the presence of oxygen properties in graphene oxide, it can easily disperse in organic
solvents, water and other different matrixes. This is a major benefit when we combine the
material with polymer or ceramic matrixes to enhance their mechanical and electrical properties.
In the field of electrical conductivity, because of the distu
ance of its sp
2
bonding networks,
graphene oxide (GO) functions as an electrical insulator. After a large number of oxygen groups
have been removed, it is not easy to disperse the reduced graphene oxide (rGO), because this
material tends to produce aggregates. The properties of graphene can be changed by the
functionalization of graphene oxide. The chemically-altered graphene obtained by this method
could possibly be used in several applications. Depending on the intended application, the
graphene oxide can be functionalized in a...