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Running Head: Healthcare Disparities
Applying Li
ary Research Skills
Shaska Andrews
Capella University
NHS-FPX4000: Developing a Health Care Admin Perspective
Louise Rice
September 2021
Applying Li
ary Research Skills
Health care disparities and inequities is the motivation behind the healthcare 2020 framework. Healthcare 2020 is a collaborative process developed under the leadership of the Federal Interagency Workgroup. This agency wanted to create a clear definition, mission, vision and goal of how to combat this issue. Because of its Ambiguity in interpretation Healthcare disparities and inequities was coined in the early 90s. According to Webster’s dictionary the definition of disparities is the quality or state of being different. The definition of inequities is unfair or inadequate treatment of someone or something or an instance of this. However, when Healthcare is added to these terms it means “a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage. Health disparities adversely affect groups of people who have systematically experienced greater obstacles to health based on their racial or ethnic group; religion; socioeconomic status; gender; age; mental health; cognitive, sensory, or physical disability; sexual orientation or gender identity; geographic location; or other characteristics historically linked to discrimination or exclusion” (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2021, p.1).
My earliest memories of the healthcare system are of my mother taking me and my siblings to what was known as the “HIP” Center. This facility was a government owned network which meant we spent hours waiting to see the pediatrician sitting in packed waiting areas where most of the toys were
oken and most of the books were missing pages. Another encounter I can remember, I had a life-threatening accident and was taken to a hospital in Brooklyn, NY where I was left in the halls for hours until my father started advocating for me to be seen immediately because I was losing so much blood. Today, as someone who processes medical authorizations for procedures and diagnostic test, I am responsible for submitting and clarifying clinical documentation based on evidence-based guidelines. This experience has also helped me realize the inequities because I have seen that although a procedure or exam is medically necessary, patients still will need to consider things such as coinsurance, copayments, and deductibles. Patients will also have to choose between going to a magnet/private owned hospital where there is a better quality of service and machinery compared to a government funded hospital/facility that’s more affordable where the patient may not receive such great outcomes. I was so closely impacted by this issue and experienced this firsthand; now that I have entered the field of healthcare, I have developed an interest in this matter of contention. I would like to assist with finding ways to deplete this gap and not continue to allow it to be an ongoing conversation.
Identifying Academic Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles
As I began my research for peer reviewed journal articles I used Summon, a search engine that searches across Capella University Li
ary's databases, I accessed articles that are ca
ied by databases such as PubMed Central and OVID. To select my articles, I used keywords such as health disparities, health inequities, and community health assessment. Each journal article located is a scholarly peer reviewed article that have been published within the last five years or less.
To ensure the chosen articles were relevant to my topic, I read through each source to find their evidence, purpose and conclusion to the topic. I also checked the credibility of each author to the topic and their relation to the healthcare field or experience.
Annotated Bibliography
Santos-Lozada, A. R., Howard, J. T., & Verdery, A. M XXXXXXXXXXHow differential privacy will affect our understanding of health disparities in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(24), 13405–13412. https:
doi.org/10.1073/pnas XXXXXXXXXXThe article has given different privacy algorithms of 2020 United States census data that is true with the accuracy of several estimation rates and Critical knowledge about health disparities that are very evident in different parts of the United States. The study has proven the mortality rate of the overall population of various racial or ethnic groups compared to the other social groups of the United States. The article has widely discussed how the changes of location affected mostly on racial and ethnic groups and its relation to the health disparities that can be observed in different parts of the United States. Despite organization and modern amenities blacks,
owns, and Hispanic groups are deprived of proper healthcare services, and it has
ought lower mortality rates. The study has compared different privacy policies and Research examinations to find the disparities across various limitations of u
an and rural areas and found negligence in healthcare services.
Maness SB, Me
ell L, Thompson EL, Griner SB, Kline N, Wheldon C. Social Determinants of Health and Health Disparities: COVID-19 Exposures and Mortality Among African American People in the United States. Public Health Reports. 2021;136(1):18-22. doi:10.1177/ XXXXXXXXXXThe article has provided exposure towards the health disparities among various social groups, and it has also highlighted the racial discrimination that lies under the fundamental rights of human beings in the United States. The study has based on the corona virus disease that started in the year 2019 and it has given a detailed description of the healthcare practices that have affected the people of the United States. In this study, the focus has been provided to the African American communities, who have been affected the most by disparity. These communities are socially and economically unstable and at the same time are already suffering from a lack of healthcare services due to their poor income and lack of health insurance. That is why, it has been mentioned that even during a global pandemic structural racism has created health disparity among the patients of corona virus, indicating mortality rates among African Americans. Several comparisons have been drawn between the whites and blacks of the community and systemic racism has been notified in this study. The study has called for a change in systemic racism and the way it can create disparity and discrimination even in the time of crisis.
Streck, J. M., Weinberger, A. H., Pacek, L. R., Gbedemah, M., & Goodwin, R. D XXXXXXXXXXCigarette smoking quit rates among persons with serious psychological distress in the United States from 2008 to 2016: are mental health disparities in cigarette use increasing? Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 22(1), XXXXXXXXXXThe study has indicated mental health disparities among people of various marginal communities of the United States and how they have increased smoking that leads to various other diseases associated with it. In different parts of America, people are mentally distressed and a national survey on the future of drug addiction and other Healthcare related issues has indicated the increase in the percentage of mental health awareness and other diseases that are constantly growing in various parts of the United States. The article has presented several important points regarding the issues arising for the youths in the minor communities. It has also shown the lack of mental support that the community has led the youth to mental health issues like depression and anxiety. Although the article has failed to define the remedy for the problems that has caused the issues.
Meit, M., & Knudson, A XXXXXXXXXXLeveraging Interest to Decrease Rural Health Disparities in the United States. American journal of public health, 107(10), 1563–1564. https:
doi.org/10.2105/AJPH XXXXXXXXXXRural inequalities in health care practices are very common in the United States and hardly any healthcare policy that can retain the state of health services in the country. People are quite disappointed in the inequalities that are reflected in various research and survey programs. Most of the rural population of the United States is lacking proper healthcare services and the update of the rural and u
an healthcare data has shown that the mortality rates are higher in the rural areas due to rural disparities across various regions. An increase in severe healthcare problems, obesity, drinking addiction, and suicide are a few of the main problems that these people go through and there is hardly any solution to prevent these cases. The palpable frustration regarding negligence towards the rural Americans is quite outrageous among these communities and the health care services need to be improved to provide better health care policies for these people.
Learnings from the Research
By obtaining research regarding inequities and disparities it made me aware of the many facets to this issue, such as, geographic location, gender biases, physical disabilities, etc. I have learned how to complete an annotated bibliography, which I had never done before. This research has also taught me it is important to be aware of our biases so that it does not negatively impact patient care. I would in the future like to work on policies and initiatives to help with this issue.
References
Maness, S. B., Me
ell, L., Thompson, E. L., Griner, S. B., Kline, N., & Wheldon, C XXXXXXXXXXSocial Determinants of Health and Health Disparities: COVID-19 Exposures and Mortality Among African American People in the United States. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974), 136(1), 18–22. https:
doi.org/10.1177/ XXXXXXXXXX
Meit, M., & Knudson, A XXXXXXXXXXLeveraging Interest to Decrease Rural Health Disparities in the United States. American journal of public health, 107(10), 1563–1564. https:
doi.org/10.2105/AJPH XXXXXXXXXX
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion XXXXXXXXXXDisparities. Retrieved from https:
www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/foundation-health-measures/disparities
Santos-Lozada, A. R., Howard, J. T., & Verdery, A. M XXXXXXXXXXHow differential privacy will affect our understanding of health disparities in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(24), 13405–13412. https:
doi.org/10.1073/pnas XXXXXXXXXX
Streck, J. M., Weinberger, A. H., Pacek, L. R., Gbedemah, M., & Goodwin, R. D XXXXXXXXXXCigarette Smoking Quit Rates Among Persons with Serious Psychological Distress in the United States From 2008 to 2016: Are Mental Health Disparities in Cigarette Use Increasing? Nicotine & tobacco research: official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 22(1), 130–134. https:
doi.org/10.1093/nt
nty227. unities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity. National Academies Press (US).
American Psychological Association 6th Edition
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Analyze a Cu
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Learner’s Name
Capella University
NHS4000: Developing a Health Care Perspective
Instructor Name
August, 2020
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Copyright ©2020 Capella University. Copy and distribution of this document are prohibited.
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