Intercultural Communication in Contexts INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXTS INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXTS Confirming Pages mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd imar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd i 1/12/09...

Intercultural Communication in Contexts
INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
IN CONTEXTS
INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
IN CONTEXTS
Confirming Pages
mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd imar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd i 1/12/09 2:10:59 PM1/12/09 2:10:59 PM
Confirming Pages
mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd iimar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd ii 1/12/09 2:10:59 PM1/12/09 2:10:59 PM
INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
IN CONTEXTS
FIFTH EDITION
Judith N. Martin
Arizona State University
Thomas K. Nakayama
Northeastern University
Rev. Confirming Pages
mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd iiimar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd iii 1/29/09 9:27:02 AM1/29/09 9:27:02 AM
Reviewe
Sticky Note
This text was made available at the following website:
https:
www.pdfdrive.com/intercultural-communication-in-contexts-d XXXXXXXXXXhtml
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXTS
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue
of the Americas, New York, NY XXXXXXXXXXCopyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or
y any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, any network or other electronic stor-
age or transmission, or
oadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers
outside the United States.
XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXDOC/DOC 0 9
ISBN: XXXXXXXXXX
MHID: XXXXXXXXXX
Vice president and editor-in-chief: Michael Ryan Design manager: Preston Thomas
Publisher: Frank Mortimer Designer: Allister Fein
Sponsoring editor: Katie Stevens Cover designer: Allister Fein
Director of development: Dawn Groundwater Photo researcher: Poyee Oste
Development editor: Craig Leonard Media project manager: Thomas Brierly
Editorial coordinator: Erika Lake Production supervisor: Louis Swaim
Marketing manager: Leslie Oberhube
Marketing Specialist: Rebecca Saidlowe
Senior production editor: Mel Valentín
Production assistant: Rachel J. Castillo
Production service: Matrix Productions Inc.
The text was set in 10.5/12 Janson by Laserwords, and printed on acid-free 45# New Era Matte
Plus by R.R. Donnelly & Sons.
Cover image: © William Whitehurst /Co
is
Because this page cannot legibly accommodate all acknowledgements for copyrighted material,
credits appear at the end of the book, and constitute an extension of this copyright page.
Li
ary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Martin, Judith N.
Intercultural communication in contexts / Judith Martin, Thomas Nakayama. — 5th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN-13: XXXXXXXXXXalk. paper)
ISBN-10: XXXXXXXXXXalk. paper)
1. Intercultural communication. I. Nakayama, Thomas K. II. Title.
HM1211.M XXXXXXXXXX
303.48’2—dc XXXXXXXXXX
Rev. Confirming Pages
mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd ivmar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd iv 1/29/09 9:27:03 AM1/29/09 9:27:03 AM
VVVVVV
v
About the Authors
The two authors of this book come to intercultural communication from very
different backgrounds and very different research traditions. Yet we believe that
these differences offer a unique approach to thinking about intercultural com-
munication. We
iefl y introduce ourselves here, but we hope that by the end of
the book you will have a much more complete understanding of who we are.
Judith Martin grew up in Mennonite communities, primarily in Delaware
and Pennsylvania. She has studied at the Université de Grenoble in France
and has taught in Algeria. She received her doctorate
at the Pennsylvania State University. By background
and training, she is a social scientist who has focused
on intercultural communication on an interpersonal
level and has studied how people’s communication
is affected as they move or sojourn between interna-
tional locations. She has taught at the State University
of New York at Oswego, the University of Minnesota,
the University of New Mexico, and Arizona State Uni-
versity. She enjoys gardening, going to Mexico, and
hosting annual Academy Awards parties, and she does
not miss the harsh Midwestern winters.
Tom Nakayama grew up mainly in Georgia, at
a time when the Asian American presence was much
less than it is now. He has studied at the Université
de Paris and various universities in the United States.
He received his doctorate from the University of Iowa.
By background and training, he is a critical rhetorician
who views intercultural communication in a social con-
text. He has taught at the California State University
at San Bernardino and Arizona State University. He is
now professor and chair of communication studies at
Northeastern University in Boston. He lives near the
Back Bay station and loves walking to work. He loves
the change of seasons, especially autumn.
The authors’ very different life stories and research programs came together
at Arizona State University. We have each learned much about intercultural
communication through our own experiences, as well as through our intellec-
tual pursuits. Judith has a well-established record of social science approaches
to intercultural communication. Tom, in contrast, has taken a nontraditional
Confirming Pages
mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd vmar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd v 1/12/09 2:10:59 PM1/12/09 2:10:59 PM
vi About the Authors
approach to understanding intercultural communication by emphasizing critical
perspectives. We believe that these differences in our lives and in our research
offer complementary ways of understanding intercultural communication.
Since the early 1990s, we have engaged in many different dialogues about
intercultural communication—focusing on our experiences, thoughts, ideas, and
analyses—which led us to think about writing this textbook. But our interest
was not primarily sparked by these dialogues; rather, it was our overall interest
in improving intercultural relations that motivated us. We believe that commu-
nication is an important arena for improving those relations. By helping people
ecome more aware as intercultural communicators, we hope to make this a
etter world for all of us.
Confirming Pages
mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd vimar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd vi 1/12/09 2:11:00 PM1/12/09 2:11:00 PM
VVVVVV
vii
Brief Contents
PART I FOUNDATIONS OF INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION 1
Chapter 1 Why Study Intercultural Communication? 3
Chapter 2 The History of the Study of Intercultural
Communication 44
Chapter 3 Culture, Communication, Context, and Power 83
Chapter 4 History and Intercultural Communication 120
PART II INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
PROCESSES 159
Chapter 5 Identity and Intercultural Communication 161
Chapter 6 Language and Intercultural Communication 218
Chapter 7 Nonve
al Codes and Cultural Space 265
PART III INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
APPLICATIONS 303
Chapter 8 Understanding Intercultural Transitions 305
Chapter 9 Popular Culture and Intercultural Communication 347
Chapter 10 Culture, Communication, and Intercultural
Relationships 380
Chapter 11 Culture, Communication, and Confl ict 425
Chapter 12 Striving for Engaged and Effective Intercultural
Communication 464
Rev. Confirming Pages
mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd viimar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd vii 1/15/09 9:34:57 AM1/15/09 9:34:57 AM
Confirming Pages
mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd viiimar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd viii 1/12/09 2:11:00 PM1/12/09 2:11:00 PM
VVVVVVContents
Preface xix
To the Student xxvii
PART I FOUNDATIONS OF INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION 1
Chapter 1 Why Study Intercultural Communication? 3
The Self-Awareness Imperative 4
The Demographic Imperative 6
Changing U.S. Demographics 6
Changing Immigration Patterns 8
The Economic Imperative 17
The Technological Imperative 21
Technology and Human Communication 21
Access to Communication Technology 26
The Peace Imperative 28
The Ethical Imperative 32
Relativity Versus Universality 34
Being Ethical Students of Culture 35
Internet Resources 38
Summary 39
Discussion Questions 40
Activities 40
Key Words 41
References 41
ix
Confirming Pages
mar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd ixmar85123_fm_i-xxx.indd ix 1/12/09 2:11:01 PM1/12/09 2:11:01 PM
x Contents
Chapter 2 The History of the Study of Intercultural
Communication 44
The Early Development of the Discipline 45
Nonve
al Communication 46
Application of Theory 46
An Emphasis on International Settings 46
An Interdisciplinary Focus 47
Perception and Worldview of the Researcher 49
Three Approaches to Studying Intercultural
Communication 50
The Social Science Approach 54
The Interpretive Approach 59
The Critical Approach 65
A Dialectical Approach to Understanding Culture
and Communication 71
Combining the Three Traditional Paradigms: The
Dialectical Approach 71
Six Dialectics of Intercultural Communication 73
Keeping a Dialectical Perspective 76
Internet Resources 76
Summary 77
Discussion Questions 78
Activities 78
Key Words 79
References 79
Chapter 3 Culture, Communication, Context, and Power 83
What Is Culture? 84
Social Science Defi nitions: Culture as Learned, Group-
Related Perceptions 87
Interpretive Defi nitions: Culture as Contextual Symbolic
Patterns of Meaning, Involving Emotions 87
Critical Defi nitions: