Topics- What are the Interventions that can be implemented to reduce Nosocomial infection by health care workers?Please strictly follow the sample guide and marking criteria which i have attached

Assessment 3
SNPG917 Evidence into Practice
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What are the interventions that can be implemented to reduce the Nosocomial Infection by Healthcare Workers?
1. Significance of Study
Preventing the Nosocomial or Hospital Acquired Infections is a central consideration to deliver high quality and safe healthcare services (Murni, Duke, Kinney, Daley & Soenarto,2015). In various developed countries the interventions like hand hygiene are quite effective in preventing the infection at hospitals. In developing countries, there are fewer evidence and research to improve hand hygiene and facilitate the use of antibiotics. The risk of hospital-acquired the infection in developing countries is higher with the prevalence of 15.5 in every 100 patients which are higher than double the prevalence in developed countries like the US and Europe (Swaminanthan, 2017). According to Institute of Medicine, the nosocomial infections adversely influence more than 2 million patients every year in the US causing more than 90,000 deaths annually imposing an additional cost of $ 5.7 billion annually (Collins,2008). The Nosocomial Infections are considered undesirable. Applications of various infection control strategies have reduced the rate of these issues. However, there is high pressure over the legislative system to frame the laws for disclosing the mo
idity and mortality rates of the patient during the admission (Collins,2008).
The Nosocomial Infection can be defined as the Hospital Acquired Infections that are not present in the patient while taking admission in the hospital however they develop inside the body during the hospital stay and are caused by the bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens (WHO,2012). For example Infection like Pneumonia, Urinary Tract Infection and surgical site infection.
2. Question for Literature Review
What are the interventions that can be implemented to reduce the Nosocomial Infection by Healthcare Workers?
3. Search Strategy
The evidence were collected online through CINAHL and Medline database systems available through the University of Wollongong Li
ary. On the basis of the search strategy the keywords are Nosocomial, Infection, intervention, hospital, Acquired. The terms for the search were truncated using the wildcards. The study was restricted to the English language peer-reviewed Journal articles published from 2008 to 2018 especially focusing on the Hospital Interventions, Legislative policies and the Programs aimed to reduce the Hospital Acquired Infection. The study found around 350 journals however after the article review of the abstract and the conclusion, only 6 journals were found authentic for the final research.
4. Summary of Evidence
The studied were explored for the general interventions implemented for infection control being adopted across the different health care settings such as isolation, environmental cleanliness. The review also identified the patients at highest risk of incepting the infection in the hospitals, hand hygiene practices, preventive measures, environmental factors like disinfection and cleanliness.
WHO and CDC (2012) categorized nosocomial infections into five groups:
1. Nosocomial Bacteraemia or bloodstream infections
2. Nosocomial Pneumonia
3. Urinary Infections
4. Surgical Site Infections
5. Others
Isolation: All the patients admitted in the hospital need to be screened for the diseases like dia
hea, communicable diseases, rashes, neutropenia, and presence of a ca
ier of infection such as a bacterium. The rooms isolated in the hospitals must have closed tight-fitting doors ventilation, and clean glass partition.
The patients that were found to be at highest risk of the inception of infection are those of shock, trauma, old age patients and those having prolonged stay at ICUs.
Hand Hygiene: As per the WHO’s five moments of hand hygiene, the health care workers need to wash their hands prior to touching any patient, before doing a septic or cleaning procedure, after touching patient, after touching the su
oundings of the patient, and after handling the body fluid exposure. The healthcare workers need to wash their hands with the water and soap, using alcohol based hand rub. The standard precautions as mentioned by NHMRC (2010) include proper disposal of sharps, use of personal protective equipment like the gown, gloves, long sleeves, masks and head covers; cleaning the nails, coughing and respiratory etiquettes, proper methods to handle linen and reprocessing of reusable equipment. Some of the nonpharmacological interventions include effective infection control strategies such as gowning, surveillance, handwash, cleaning, prevention of hemodialysis infection, preventing the wate
orne infection and reducing the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia which are evidence-based interventions helping in eliminating the risks of nosocomial infection.
Transmission-based Precautions: They may include the ai
orne precautions, droplet precautions, and contact precautions. The ai
orne precautions are the use of mask, respiratory protection, isolation with negative ventilation pressure. The contact of the patient with others may be restricted until the disease reaches a harmless state in case of chickenpox, hepatitis A, herpes, and viral infections. Other than these, the nosocomial infections are predominantly caused by the Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP), Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Catheter-related Bloodstream infection (CRBI) etc.
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia may be prevented by the following measures:
Prefer the non invasive ventilations, avoid reintubation, use heat moisture exchanger instead of heated humidifier, use closed endotracheal suction systems, discard the condensates of mechanical ventilators periodically and refer oral intubations rather than nasal. Cathetor Related Blood stream Infection may be prevented by the following measures: The upper part of the body must be prefe
ed for the insertion of catheter, skin must be cleaned with 2% chlorhexidine with 70% ethanol before any insertion procedure, sterile gauze must be used, minimize the use of stopcocks and use needleless catheter access systems (Abarca et al,2012).To prevent the UTI, the urinary catheters must be inserted aseptically, a consistent urine flow must be maintained, and the urinary bag should be up in the air and not touching the floor.
Managerial Interventions
The administrators, healthcare practitioners, and other senior management bodies must collaborate with the coworkers to maintain the safety, team efforts and enforce the value-driven behaviors. The healthcare institutes need to communicate the evidence-based practices to their staff members and implement effective infection control practices. The improvements at the institutional level must lead to process improvements to execute the preventive measures more specifically.
A study by the Centre for Disease Control and prevention (2009) aimed to Study on Effectiveness of Nosocomial Infection Control (SENIC) randomly selected 338 US hospitals to compare their infection rate on the basis of presence or absence of infection control...