Term Paper: The student will have the choice of either selecting a topic from the suggestion list (*syllabus) or another topic approved by the instructor. Organization of the paper should be logical,...

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Health Disparities among the Native Indian /Alaskan Native People
Introduction:
Health disparities are defined as differences that occurs in health status of people, which is strongly linked with various factors such as education, gender, race or ethnic group, age and health status of the people, Socio economic condition (income), gender identity and physical location (Health & Services). Other factors such as downstream indicators (Environmental problem, smoking and forgoing medical care) may also contribute to risk the health of the people, which is governed or influenced by upstream social indicator (Income, education and social environmental condition)(Hutchinson & Shin, 2014). Health disparities are well organized and linked to others factors and it affects more to already socially disadvantaged groups. The quality of the social and physical conditions in which people live, work, learn, and play are all considered health determinants along with medical care (Skewes et al., 2020). Several research revealed that the income, place of living and education level also effect on the health disparities in many countries such as middle and low income countries, poverty stricken children’s in rural areas are likely to prone for stunned growth.(Adegbosin, Zhou, Wang, Stantic, & Sun, 2019) With addition to this significant inequalities observed in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health (RMNCH) in many countries with in subnational units (Faye et al., 2020). Some driving forces such as absence of violence and political stability and GDP will influence on RMNCH. For reduce these risks and improve overall public health, better effective governance practices are needed (Wehrmeister, da Silva, Ba
os, & Victora, 2017).
Risk factors Associated with the Health Disparities:
Poverty and education have long been at the heart of Indian public policy and public health. Women's low educational levels were cited as a major impediment to achieving health goals. Caste, regional, and religious movements have all contributed to a better understanding of inequalities (Brockie, Elm, & Walls, 2018; Churchwell et al., 2020).
Earlier review literature reviewed by the N Bhan et al., 2016 and they have concluded that the most common measure of equity for health disparities was income (including wealth) (61.2%), followed by education (45.4%) and sexual identity (36.1 percent) (Bhan, Rao, & Kachwaha, 2016). They also documented that most of the research has found on women and children owing to a policy focus in public health services on reproductive and child wellbeing (Bhan et al., 2016). Wealth was the most studied socioeconomic indicator, followed by education and gender.
According to Ramesh et al. (2020) sample registration were used to know the neonatal mortality in rural areas of India along with Empowered Action Group (EAG) (Ramesh et al., 2020). The Government of India (GOI) organized an Empowered Action Group (EAG) of eight of the most socioeconomically deprived states in 2001. In India, district prioritizing is linked to larger increases in maternal and newborn health service coverage in EAG states and high priority districts (HPDs) (Ramesh et al., 2020). Neonatal mortality in rural India fell by 4.5 percent per year from 36 to 27 per 1000 live births between 2010 and 2016 (Ramesh et al., 2020).
Stephanie et.al has demonstrated the incidence rate of cancer will vary based on the geographical regions in the united states among the American Indian And Alaskan Native populations and this study was conducted in comparison with the non-Hispanic white population for the year 2010-2015 (Melkonian et al., 2019). The researchers have collected the cancer patients data from the Indian Health service IHS and by adjusting the age among the 15 most cancer sites and applying the join point regression analysis the estimated rate was 100000 per year (Melkonian et al., 2019). The Cancer disparities were observed for lung, female
east and liver associated cancers. The authors has also concluded that the incidence rate of colorectal and lung cancers were high among the males of AI/AN population in comparison to  AI/AN females and whites of the northern and...