This semester assignment is based on dimensioning (development of design concept) of a hydropower plant for a small cabin over a river. In the thesis, it is desirable to find out how much power can be...

Hydropower plant for a small cabin over the rive
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Abstract:
There is eagerly attraction toward the renewable energy resource which was applicable in past generation in order to generate electric energy and difficult to provides energy source to remote area or small scale. This is best possible condition to consider as opportunity and provide solution , and satisfied energy demand for small scale, for house, and operate residential equipments. The project report is discussed about the design and analysis of micro or small scale hydropower station design which rested over the riverside. The project report is mainly discuss about the design feasibility option of hydropower plant, failure criteria and easy to operate complete system. The project design and analysis suggest that the there are possible to install small scale hydropower station based on requirement and equipment availability. To ensure, sufficient amount of power generate from system and electric energy requirement throughout the year, the project report provides detail aspects.

Table of Contents
Abstract:    2
Introduction    4
Aim:    4
Objectives:    4
Major component require for Hydropower plant:    5
Literature Review    6
Functional requirements of “hydropower plant”;    6
Surge Chamber    9
Methodology:    12
Preliminary design :    12
Material selection:    13
Energy consumption per day requirement:    19
Construction work Requirement:    20
Selection of Electro-mechanical Equipment:    20
Design of the Tu
ine Section:    21
Results and Discussion:    32
Operation of Hydroelectric generator and produce electric energy;    33
Possible failure mechanisms for load-bearing parts;    35
Conclusion and Recommendation:    40
Recommendation:    41
References    42
Introduction
The project report is based on the dimensioning development and design concept of the hydropower plant for the small cabin over the river. The project objective is to obtain how much power can produce through the power plant system annually. It is considered that the cabin has fixed in size i.e. 4x 4 x 3 m volume and place 2m from the bottom of the river and applicable effect of the rock which will be provide dimensional design. The Hydropower plant is design such a way that there is not require special engineering skills for operation and maintenance purpose. Subsequently, the dimensions should user-friendly and adapted to considerable easy to replace the worn parts (Kjellén, U., 2016.). The project report is discuss about the design and dimension of hydropower plant and suggest the design alternatives, mentioned functional requirement, provides design calculation, the bough-out machine element such as bearing, gear must use as per design standard.
Aim:
To design and analysis of “Hydropower plant” for small scale cabin which applicable to provide conventional power annually.
Objectives:
· To design and analysis of hydropower plant through analytical method which suitable and applicable to produce power annually.
· The design should use-friendly and easily replace worn machine parts for power plant design, mainly motion transmission devices.
· The Hydropower plant design is conduct for strength based criteria, therefore, it is require to consider and analysis failure mechanism of load-bearing part of the power plant and evaluate their strength through Analytical technique.
Major component require for Hydropower plant:
The small scale hydropower plant consist the dam or reservoir which store water in forebay, the penstock which deliver the falling water to the tu
ine and hydraulic tu
ine which assist to converts the hydraulic energy released to the mechanical energy and alternator or generator in order to convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy. These are key element of hydropower plant installation, each element are known as accessories equipment in order to control the power range Hribernik.et.al.(2013). that means, due to high speed of water, the shaft and power transmission devices are induce high power over the range of generator, in this case, the electrical component failure occur due to high voltage and cu
ent induce throughout the cycle. To control or balance the power, the reducer attached with the tu
ine’s shaft in to reduce or maintain rotation of axial shaft along with power flow, voltage, frequency and ensure protection of other devices as well. As water pressure increase from the fluid fall toward the tu
ine blades which are engaged to the generator shaft and this way, it cause the armature to rotate within magnetic field and generate electricity Knott.et.al.(2019).
Literature Review
Functional requirements of “hydropower plant”;
There are various types of “hydropower plant” was design based on power outcome requirement, functional requirement, speed of tu
ine requirement etc. the following are provides key machine element require to operate hydropower plant.
a. Forebay :
In this case, the forebay is the specific basin area of the hydropower plant where the water is temporarily stored before passes into the intake chamber. The collection and water storage in the forebay is allows to store based on the essential water requirement in particular area. This is applicable and useful, as the load requirement in the intake is considerable less. The reservoirs are construction across the river flow in order to store the water intake; the stored water should be upside down over the tu
ine blade Gokhale.et.al.(2017).
This is applicable, as the specific amount of load require in the intake is considerable less. It is known that the reservoirs are constructing across the rivers in order to store water, the water storage over upstream side of the dam that can be ca
ied through the penstocks to the power storage. In that case, the reservoir itself performs as the forebay (Kosnik, L., 2010).
. Penstock :
The penstocks are performing as the considerable large pipe which laid through specific slope that ca
ied the water from the intake reservoir or water deliver from reservoir to tu
ines. The penstock are operate with suitable pressure, so that, it is require sudden closing or manage to operate the penstock gate in order to deliver water with high pressure. These are designed to resist the water hammer effect rather than consider for penstock which is considerable equal function as normal pipe done Geramitchioski.et.al.(2017). In order to overcome these issues, it is require constructing wall for considerable small length of penstock and reservoir tank is placed in order to increase length of penstocks.
c. Intake structure :
The intake structure is the specific construction, in which the water passes from the forebay and engaged into the penstocks. In fact, there are various types of intake structure available in local and global market in order to elect the specific types of intake structure which mainly depend on the different site conditions and availability of water resource(Krause, F., 2011). The intake structure is constructed at which the water is collected from the reservoir and delivers into the penstock. As per study, there are various types of structure available for construction and suitable to construct based on conventional environment conditions.
In fact, the intake structure has some useful important, in which the trash racks play significant role. The trash racks are delivering at the entrance of the penstock to stop impurities which comes along-with water Kaunda.et.al.(2012).
If the de
is comes along with the water flow into the penstock, that will create the damage to wicket gates, tu
ine nozzles and tu
ine runners Gagliano.et.al.(2014). These trash racks are constructing from the conventional steel material. These rods are placed with certain amount of space, that should be within fixed range i.e. 10 to 30 cm apart and these racks will separate the de
is from the fluid flow of water which permit the water flow with certain limit of 0.8 to 1.6.
The construction is constructing by refe
ing weather condition, these are important case and procedure for change the formation of the ice into water, that will prevent the entrance of the ice into the penstock trash racks heated with the electricity and this way the ice melts as engaged into the trash racks Elbatran.et.al.(2015). Apart from trash rack, the trolley construction is effective which applicable to remove de
is the trash racks and penstock closing gates which are applicable for the intake structure.
d. Penstock :
The penstocks are considerable large pipe which place with specific slope which collect the water from the intake structure or the reservoir to the tu
ines. These are passes with specific amount of pressure, so that immediate closing or opening of the penstock gat can create high pressure or impact force effect to the penstocks.
These are designed in order to resist the water pressure effect apart from the penstock that is considerable equal to the normal pipe length. To overcome specific pressure, the high strength wall is provided for considerable short strength penstock and reservoir tank is placed in case the penstock length is large(Kuriqi.et.al.(2019).
In this case, the steel material or reinforced concrete is applicable for construct penstock. in case, it require for small scale, it is require to construct separate penstock which applicable for each tu
ine which is considerable similar, if the length is individual large penstock is applicable and the end is separated into the
anches Egg. Et.al.(2017).
Surge Chamber
The surge chamber is the conventional cylinder in which this can open at top segment to control or manage the pressure in the penstock. This is connected with the penstock and should place nearest location of power house.
As the power generating location is rejected as the water load passes from the penstock as the water level in the surge tank rises and manage the pressure in the penstock. Conventionally, the large amount of water is demand in the power storage, the surge tank increase the water flow into the power house and then decrease water level considerable (Dursun, B. and Gokcol, C., 2011). As the discharge is steady in the power storage system, the water level in the surge tank should be remaining constant. In this case, there are various types of surge tanks suitable in local market, and they are elected based on the hydropower plant requirement and specific length of penstock.
Tu
ines:
This is conventional device for operating hydropower plant, which main function is to convert the hydraulic energy into the mechanical energy. That mainly converts into the electric energy as engaged the tu
ine shaft to the generator Lundin.et.al.(2016). The conventional mechanism is applicable for generating power, as water enters and moves towards the pen-stock that strike over the tu
ine blade with high impact force of water, that will allows to rotate the shaft which provided at specific center and allows generating the electrical power. In general, there are mainly two types of tu
ine, that includes impulse and reaction tu
ine (Dedić-Jandrek, H. and Nižetić, S., 2019).
Generally hydraulic tu
ines are of two types namely Impulse and reaction, the impulse tubine is also known for the fluid velocity of tu
ine, the pelton wheel tu
ine is effective and suitable for the impulse tu
ine. The reaction tu
ine is also known as the pressure tu
ine.
Power storage system:
The power storage system is the small storage system which provides to protect the hydraulic and electric equipment. In this case, the each equipment is managed through the foundation and conventional structure which lay over the power houses.
In case, the reaction tu
ine, specific machine include scroll casing, draft tubes are assembled with-in the foundation which laid over that, in this case the foundation require considerable high dimensions Manders.et.al.(2016).
Further, the super-structure, the generators are placed over the ground floor surface under the vertical tu
ines are placed, the generator horizontal tu
ines are placed. The control room is applicable at the certain height (Cowie, J., 2010).
Draft tube:
In case, the reaction tu
ines are placed, the draft tubes is essential element which engaged with the tu
ine outlet to the tail-race. The draft tube has gradually increase design parameter, so that the water discharges into the tail-race with the safety velocity. At the other end, the draft tube, outlet gates are engaged, that can be considerable closed enough while performing repair works.
Tailrace:
The tailrace is the fluid flow of the water which passes from the tu
ine to the stream. This is effective, in case the power house is placed near to the stream-line Budiarto.et.al.(2013). In case, the site is considerable far from the stream then it is essential to construct the channel in order to ca
ies water into the steam. If not, the fluid flow may increases and damages the power plant in different way such as reducing tu
ine efficiency, damage and cavitations to the tu
ine blades.
Methodology:
Preliminary design :
the main goal must be divided into sub-goals and structured in block diagrams also called design three. Sub-components ie standard components such as screws, bearings, and the like and non-standard components must be identified and specification for each part given. Fault mode for each component shall be examined and discussed, and the critical mode of e
or for each part is identified (Borkowski, D. and Węgiel, T., 2013).
There were some experiment and practically design “Hydropower station” for small scale industrial or private building in recent time. The study suggest the potential generation of hydro count approximate 19% power produced by the potential countries such as china, Japan, Italy and Brazil Mohamad. Et.al.(2011).
The small scale hydropower plant, specially situated at river place, the basic component includes weir, desalting tank, penstock, generator, controller and tu
ine. The water drawn from the river is diverted through the intake at the weir segment, which manage the flow of water. The water is moves toward the desilting tank, where, it will remove water impurities, if it required. The forebay tank is place between the intake and penstock in order to store water which deliver from previous cycle. The water from the forebay tank is delivering to tu
ine through the pipe known as penstock. This is important stage of the system, in which the potential energy of the water converts into mechanical energy. Further, the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy through generator (Molina, M.G. and Pacas, M., 2010).
Material selection:
The material selection for the complete hydropower plant is difficult because there are various machine components are uses for generate electric energy from water flow. The key elements of small scale hydropower plant include “Forebay, intake structure, penstock, surge chamber, hydraulic tu
ines, power house, draft tube and tailrace. These are essential elements applicable for the “small scale hydropower plant” design Boavida.et.al.(2020).
The material selection is important for power or motion transmission machine elements such as axel-shaft, gear, and bearing, rotor and tu
ine blades. In this case, the speed at which the rotor must rotate in order to generate an e.m.f of the frequency “f” for pole coupled with generator is obtained by using following formula.
P = numbers of Poll
As considering basic term, in order to drive the complete cycle, the power require to operate the rotor from the generator at 50 rev/sec, based on the Newton’s second law of motion, the force require to operate tu
ine shaft is obtain by following equation Morales.et.al.(2015).
F = force require to provides rotary motion
Mass of rotor rotate with runner combination
This way, “F” is the force magnitude, “m” is the mass of rotor runner combination, and “r” is the radius of runner, whereas is angular velocity of runner. As considering average power “P” induced from the engine in specific time period that is defined as the work done quantity through engine division with respect of time “t” requires to do work. The following is provides the mathematical equation (Bhoi, R. and Ali, S.M., 2014).
The instantaneous power induce at specific instant is mentioned as following;
In case, Force “F” is constant with respect to time,
From above two equation,
Figure: Inlet view of Tu
ine
Figure: water tank demonstration as tank
It is observes that the power requirement from the dam which can conventionally convert through the hydro-tu
ine into mechanical power through, to produce the essential frequency, the power require to rotate generate at particular frequency is mentioned through must be equal to the power generated by the dam which derive as. The material applicable for the construction of major element of the complete system should elect carefully, as most of these parts in the one way or the other has to frequently come into contact with the water (Nagel, G., 2018).
In general, the material selected which...