Solution
Chaitali answered on
May 26 2021
It was in the late 1970s and 1980s when unemployment rates amongst the youth started rising. This meant that a lot of the economic issues were faced. While on one hand, the labor market had concerns, it was bound on the other side that the transitions happen. A group of people within a culture organically differentiates itself from the parent culture to which it belongs. In terms of physical, sexual, and political practices, the subcultures develop their norms. The subcultures distinguish from each other by their appearance, manners, and characteristics. Goths for instance are precisely different from the hippies. As against the common majority, subcultures often sought a minority style. This has been elaborated in the theory by David Reisman. Following the theory, Dick Hebdige argued that subculture is a subversion to what is known as normal or common. He elaborated that the concept
ings together like-minded people who feel discriminated against based on society standards. In the process of helping each other against the norms and values of the system, they find a common ground which becomes their identity. Therefore, subculture gives birth to the identity of individuals who believe that the system does not favor their needs and aspirations. Theorist Gelder proposes six key roots for understanding subcultures. They can be identified by their work patterns, relationship with class, association with the te
itory, mobility, ties to exaggeration, and common resistance towards everyday life. It is also evident that subculture, in the process of
inging forth their agendas encourages potential members to adopt behaviors, norms, and values that are specific to their group or association. In Britain, the term subculture emerged in the 1920s. It sought abnormality as its theoretical base. Mental Deficiency Committee which is also known as the Wood Committee identified the group that resonates with the social problem has to be dealt with three possible solutions namely socialization, segregation, and sterilization to the social and economic problems that the subnormal group presents to every civilized nation. The second world war period witnessed the development of psychoanalytical approaches to youth deviance. The subculture theory originated at the Chicago School in the 1920s. It explored deviance and organized discussions it as a result of the ongoing social problems of the society. Following the Chicago School, Birmingham School also emerged. It emerged in the 1960s, in the post-World War II scenario. The sociologists joined together to act-out against the hegemonic, mainstream cultural values.
Talcott Parsons identifies culture to be transmissible. Through symbols, beliefs, and norms, they maintain the capacity to outgrow in terms of numbers and size. He maintains that cultures are ca
ied in language, customs, and conventions, and possess the ability to
ing about the same type of orientation in any of the actors who orient to it. Parson’s structural-functional model of society
ings across the interconnectedness of four institutions namely Polity, Religion, Family, Education, and planning wherein the family takes the center stage and other institutions like Polity, Religion, and Education are directly proportions to the same. Socialization, on the other hand, is defined as a process by which a child becomes a part of the world. Primary socialization is practiced in the institution of the family. It is often driven by emotional identification. Secondary socialization on the other hand talks particularly about sub-cultures of social reality and the roles within these sub-spheres. Anthony Gidden, a remarkable sociologist founded the basis of the relationship between structure and agency, thereby building the structuration theory. Feminist theorist Judith Butler explains socialization to be a never-ending phenomenon. She asserts that performances fail at one point and so, the process of socialization is never enough. Marxist Durkheim draws the relationship between the self and society. They argue that the establishing cause of social fact should be sought amongst the social facts preceding it. The science aims at the understanding of social behavior to gain an explanation of its causes and effects. The key concepts that emerged out of these definitions are that of deviance and subculture. Michel Foucault draws...