The textbook is:Celestin, Roger, andDalMolin,Eliane, France from 1851 to the Present: Universalism in Crisis (PalgraveMacmillan, NY, 2007)Sorry I can not provide the textbook at this time. Part I: In...

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Introduction
    It is often stated that the origins of fashion are from France; the styling and proper sense of human clothing begins from here only. Precisely, the source of fashion is infe
ed as the Paris, the capital of fashion from where, several prestigious
ands made their name possible. The significant aspect of the fashion stemmed from Paris in 15th century onwards. What makes this possible to state is that the true fashions designers from Paris ruled the rest of the world for a very long period of time. The global pattern even today is set forth by the fashion designers of the Paris. Some of the most successful and influential fashion
ands have been created by designers like Ga
ielle Bonheur 'Coco' Chanel, Christian Dior, Yves Saint Laurent, Thie
y Herms and Louis Vuitton.
The Overview of Fashion Capital
    Before the emergence of modern national-state fashions, locations in various Italian city states including Florence, as well as the courts of Burgundy and Spain, were geographically scattered. The war ended in 1648, however, France emerged as by far the largest, wealthiest, and most influential state in Europe, and the rulers of France, most notably Louis XIV understood that fashion was a powerful tool to maintain the cultural preeminence of France. Louis XIV exerted power over his aristocrats by demanding suitable clothing for those who were present at his new court in Versailles. At the same time, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the King's chief minister, recognized the increasing economic value of textile industry and he actually applied the authority to produce maximum profits from the growing fashions tastes of people.
    In the wake of 18th century, a sudden shift or rather, unconventional approach of the affluent class in the world appeared. It became status symbol to the rich to travel all the way to Paris as request tailors from Parisian origin to make their fine clothing with the most expensive clothes available for them. This was available, however, for the men styling only. The demand for the clothes made for rich males increased throughout the world. London, at the same time, was making its presence felt by creating some new business ideas but that was not enough to compete with the overall impressions of the Parisian fashion. People were like very much fond of the fine sense of the tailors who could weave the thread with their refined taste as well as according to the new trend in the market. The rich class would like to prefer only the renowned tailors from the streets of Paris to make sure that their clothes are done by the best professionals.
Emergence of Couture
    During the nineteenth century, Paris' leadership in women's fashion intensified with the emergence of what became known as haute couture. It was not merely that in Paris the arts of fine weaving, cutting, and the countless other techniques needed for the development of fine clothing flourished. As dressmaking shifted from being a small-scale craft to a big business, the structure of the industry also changed. As such, there were no fashion designers until the middle of the nineteenth century. Dressmakers worked with their clients to create clothes in the latest designs, helped by trained skilled staff.
    Worth is said to be the first man to promote his business by ensuring that the self marketing is done with the help of valued fashion he made available to the selected persons only. He was the first true couturier, delivering the bets ready in line clothes for males and females. In fact, Worth’s approach to see the fashion as an assumption, the feeling or the bond that a person like him would establish with his customers by understanding the aspect of clothing and what would be the best suitable option for the person of public. Meanwhile, as the atmosphere for trendy show, the modern...