The purpose of the Theory of Counselling paper is to give students an opportunity to develop, personalize, and critique their own theory of counselling. They will be required to revise this paper as...

Theory of Counselling
As per conceptual metaphor, theory recommends that metaphors can be considered as decorative part of speech that helps in shaping how one perceives, feel and think what needs to be done. Indeed, metaphors are universal and forms a powerful part in life. As per the Cognitive Based Theory (CBT), metaphor is a cardinal instrument for a mentor, counsellor and therapist. Overall purpose of metaphors in therapy or counselling is to provide a similarity between two dissimilar entities. There are metaphors for solutions and difficulties that structures the way
ain works and therefore, for any therapy session metaphor becomes commonplace and essential part of CBT. For instance, taking reference from “Metaphorical uses of language in the expression of emotions” (Fainsilber, L., & Ortony, A., 1987) ‘Black-and-white thinking' or 'mind-reading' all are examples of metaphor that tremendously help clients learning about cognitive processes. As per the seminal work done by “Metaphorical uses of language in the expression of emotions”, (Fainsilber, L., & Ortony, A., 1987) metaphor and symbolic activity in "Metaphor We Live By" provided a structured way to identify metaphors that can be considered as conceptual metaphors. These metaphors are so deeply rooted in language and the schema that humans usually are oblivious how these ideas steer on the mindset and employ control on us. Model suggests metaphors links to social and emotional constructs for instance, 'anger is a hot liquid', such that there are approximately limitless associations between the target (here anger) and the source of the metaphor (hot liquid). Therefore, metaphors are connected to human beings, influence how one processes the information, and accordingly generate emotions. They are essential tool to comprehend the situation, hence are leveraged in counseling.
Taking reference from “Review of person centered counselling” (Eremie, M.D. & Ubulom, W.J. , 2016) theories of counselling can be explain with a simple analogy of road maps that becomes a reference point and a guide to the reach a particular destination similarly, with the direction of counselor, any person can reach to a level of self-actualization and desirable development. Theory offers a framework of ideas that is align to explain the purpose of something that has taken place or virtue of existence of a particular thing. Theories co
esponds to practice and this practice proves the credibility of theory that can be consider as feasible, implementable or not. Essentially, theory provides process to decipher a phenomenon. Counselling can be explained as mechanisms by the virtue of which counselee begins to embark a relationship with a professional counsellor in order to assist the counselee to take informed decisions and make better choices resulting in growth, desirable development and sustenance. Nature of human is consider as central assumption in numerous counselling theories and approach taken for instance Gestalt Therapy, Behavior Therapy, Rational Emotive Behavior, Cognitive Behavior etc. Complexity of human beings and its nature is very ingrained. Humans exists in various sizes, shapes and behave in various ways. From time memorial, no two persons think or act alike, not even twins. This complexity was also the reason counselling theories found its existence since they provide the meaning of these prevailing difference and attempts to explain the nature of human in best way possible. These counselling theories revolves around the thinking process of human, perception about oneself and others as well as how is behavior associated as a part of thinking. Moreover, foundation of every single counselling theory is based on the assumption the theorist has made regarding the humans and nature of humans that is in turn based on the experiences. Therefore, this effects the perception of an individual and also influence their behavior with respect to oneself (intra) and with respect to other (inter).
As per the Gestalt theory of counselling, nature of human can be consider as anti-deterministic that stresses over the fact that every individual is capable of change and is responsible for dealing with oneself as well as others. As per this theory, significance is about functioning in total units rather than individual parts, essentially implying each person needs to accept personal responsibilities for attaining maturity and self-actualization.
As per theory of CBT which is fundamentally based on the concept of cognition which essentially mean how human beings thinks about certain object or situation, how human being feel about the various stimuli and how they take actions. With reference to research presented in the paper “Cognitive Therapy: basics and beyond” (Beck, J., 1995) all these part cognition, emotion and behavior are closely linked with each other and interact together basis which a final output is taken by an individual.
Theory of Change is an illustration of how the concerned stakeholders’ aims to achieve desired long-term goal. Essentially, it an all-inclusive explanation and exemplar demonstration of why a change takes place and how the changes takes place in a specific context. It explains how and why a set of early accomplishments or intermediate accomplishments forms the stage for producing upgrade in long-range results. It is more about the fundamental processes by the virtue of which changes are driven by individuals, groups or even communities. This requirement of change or implementation of process can be derived from either formal research theory or from tacit knowledge about the situation or work or even the world.
Theory of change has three essential components, which are listed below
· Impact - is what the initiative desires to accomplish for instance, improve health of employees, or lower absenteeism etc.
· Strategies - this component talks about how program performs in order to get the expected impacts. Most of the initiative deploy various strategies that can be clu
ed together. There can be many interventions for every strategies involved in the process.
· Connections- By the virtue of this component there is exhibit of exact connection among exercises and the accomplishment of the long haul objectives are all the more completely comprehended. This prompts better a
anging, in that exercises are connected to an itemized comprehension of how change really occurs. It additionally prompts better assessment, as it is conceivable to gauge progress towards the accomplishment of longer-term objectives that goes past the distinguishing proof of program yields.
Taking reference from details about the relationship mentioned in the journal “Untangling the alliance-outcome co
elation: Exploring the relative importance of therapist and patient variability in the alliance”, (Baldwin, S. A., Wampold, B. E., & Imel, Z. E., 2007). The result of applying the framework for Theory of change at that point provides us with the premise to differentiate and identify what sort of actions needs to be taken or modification would help in attainting the desired results recognized at the beginning of the activity for accomplishing the long.
Counselling theories are deeply rooted to different mental activities and process that takes place inside a human being. It also takes into the consideration how an individual interacts with others and one's behavior in the group. Focusing the extent of explanation to well-known theories of counselling - Gestalt Theory and Cognitive Behavior Theory both of them exhibits a strong focus on mental orientation of an individual.
Taking reference from “Cognitive Therapy: basics and beyond” (Beck, J., 1995) primary assumptions made in the CBT theory is that human beings are actively process information instead of being a passive spectator to the environment and its contingencies. Perception and thoughts can trigger as well as modulate the affect and arousal, which may further serve as cause of certain kind of behavior of an individual. Behavior of an individual is reaction that is determined by both person's thinking and environment.
Gestalt therapy eliminates the dualities of body and mind rather consider them as one whole unit comprising of body, mind and soul as one. By outlining that human being are not constituted of different components, one is able to easily define few critical mental aspects. For example, understanding the sense of self - who one is by choices and decision taken with respect to interactions with environment. Therefore, this theory used in counselling therapy exclusively talks about how an individual integrates with its environment and tries to fit in together with the vicinity. This theory is seamlessly integrated with different mental processes that occurs for a person, social interactions, and
oader social-cultural-historical contexts. This theory is popularly known for facilitating the counselee or clients to positively integrate with themselves (own mental processes/activities) as well as help in resuming the desired balance with respect to the environment. Moreover, one of the most essential component of Gestalt theory is awareness. This component is seen as a signature of healthy individual. When one is aware they are capable of self-regulating in life as well with the environment. Lack of awareness could be due to various reasons, two being very recu
ing are explained below
· Self-Esteem of an individual is low
· Individual is pre-occupied with his past,...