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Criteria    No Pass    Pass50-59%    Credit60-69%    Distinction70-79%    High Distinction80-100%    Explanation of question and definition of key terms (10%)    Did not meet criterion.     A few key terms not defined, incoectly defined or unclear. Question is stated but may be unclear.    Key terms/issues/problems defined, but lack clarity or completeness. Question is clearly stated.    Key terms/concepts defined, but some room to improve clarity, precision, concision, etc. Question is clearly stated and explained.    Question and all relevant terms are clearly and concisely defined and integrated into the work.    Content(20%)    Did not meet criterion.    Sources used are of low quality and/or relevance. Too few sources cited. Oveeliance on summaries or textbooks. Naow selection of concepts.    Sources used are generally appropriate and mostly of good quality. Some parts of the assignment may be over- or under-referenced. One or two important concepts may have been overlooked.     Good selection of relevant sources. There may be more appropriate selections for some areas.    Excellent selection of relevant and appropriate sources to illustrate or support points.    Argument(30%)    Did not meet criterion.    Lacks clealogical structure. Minimal use of literature to build argument. Only marginal or minimal reference to historical and philosophical concepts. Contains excessive opinion or unsubstantiated claims.    Generally clear argument. Some aspects of structure, logic, use of literature could be improved. Some points should have been covered in more detail; ielevant information may have been included. Reference to historical/philosophical concepts is made.    Sound argument with a logical structure. Appropriate reference to literature is used to support argument. Only minimal ielevant or tangential information. Historical and philosophical concepts are used appropriately.    Develops clear argument focused tightly on the topic. Good use has been made of appropriate literature to support points. Clear and sound logic has been used to build an argument. Well-integrated and appropriate use of philosophical and historical concepts.    Critical thinking/evaluation(20%)    Did not meet criterion.    Some evaluation of source material/theory/data.    Good evaluation of source material/theory/data using consistent logic.    Good evaluation of source material/theory/data using a consistent  logical approach and framework relevant.    Outstanding evaluation of source material/theory/data. Appropriate framework has been selected and thinking shows sensitivity to complexities of the issues.    APA citations(5%)    Did not meet criterion.    Citations crucial for argument omitted; excessive quotations; 5-6 format eors.    Slightly too many/too few citations; 3-4 citation format eors.    Generally appropriate use of citations to support argument; 1-2 citation format eors.     Appropriate use of citations to support argument. Perfect or near perfect adherence to APA format.    APA referencing(5%)    Did not meet criterion.    Reference list omits 1-2 references or references papers that were not cited; 4-5 formatting eors.    Reference list is complete; 3-4 formatting eors.    Reference list is complete; 1-2 formatting eors.    Perfect or near perfect adherence to APA formatting.    APA writing style (10%)    Did not meet criterion.    Writing somewhat unclear; several grammatical, expressive or typographical eors. May be somewhat too long or short.    Some problems with grammar or expression. Some typographical eors. May be a little too long or short.    Generally clear writing. Minor expression or typographical problems in isolated places. Appropriate length. Good, but not total adherence to APA guidelines on clarity, bias reduction, etc.    Excellent expression, grammar, structure, flow and integration. Appropriate length. Full adherence to APA guidelines on clarity, bias reduction, etc.     Criteria    No Pass    Pass50-59%    Credit60-69%    Distinction70-79%    High Distinction80-100%    Explanation of question and definition of key terms (10%)    Did not meet criterion.     A few key terms not defined, incoectly defined or unclear. Question is stated but may be unclear.    Key terms/issues/problems defined, but lack clarity or completeness. Question is clearly stated.    Key terms/concepts defined, but some room to improve clarity, precision, concision, etc. Question is clearly stated and explained.    Question and all relevant terms are clearly and concisely defined and integrated into the work.    Content(20%)    Did not meet criterion.    Sources used are of low quality and/or relevance. Too few sources cited. Oveeliance on summaries or textbooks. Naow selection of concepts.    Sources used are generally appropriate and mostly of good quality. Some parts of the assignment may be over- or under-referenced. One or two important concepts may have been overlooked.     Good selection of relevant sources. There may be more appropriate selections for some areas.    Excellent selection of relevant and appropriate sources to illustrate or support points.    Argument(30%)    Did not meet criterion.    Lacks clealogical structure. Minimal use of literature to build argument. Only marginal or minimal reference to historical and philosophical concepts. Contains excessive opinion or unsubstantiated claims.    Generally clear argument. Some aspects of structure, logic, use of literature could be improved. Some points should have been covered in more detail; ielevant information may have been included. Reference to historical/philosophical concepts is made.    Sound argument with a logical structure. Appropriate reference to literature is used to support argument. Only minimal ielevant or tangential information. Historical and philosophical concepts are used appropriately.    Develops clear argument focused tightly on the topic. Good use has been made of appropriate literature to support points. Clear and sound logic has been used to build an argument. Well-integrated and appropriate use of philosophical and historical concepts.    Critical thinking/evaluation(20%)    Did not meet criterion.    Some evaluation of source material/theory/data.    Good evaluation of source material/theory/data using consistent logic.    Good evaluation of source material/theory/data using a consistent  logical approach and framework relevant.    Outstanding evaluation of source material/theory/data. Appropriate framework has been selected and thinking shows sensitivity to complexities of the issues.    APA citations(5%)    Did not meet criterion.    Citations crucial for argument omitted; excessive quotations; 5-6 format eors.    Slightly too many/too few citations; 3-4 citation format eors.    Generally appropriate use of citations to support argument; 1-2 citation format eors.     Appropriate use of citations to support argument. Perfect or near perfect adherence to APA format.    APA referencing(5%)    Did not meet criterion.    Reference list omits 1-2 references or references papers that were not cited; 4-5 formatting eors.    Reference list is complete; 3-4 formatting eors.    Reference list is complete; 1-2 formatting eors.    Perfect or near perfect adherence to APA formatting.    APA writing style (10%)    Did not meet criterion.    Writing somewhat unclear; several grammatical, expressive or typographical eors. May be somewhat too long or short.    Some problems with grammar or expression. Some typographical eors. May be a little too long or short.    Generally clear writing. Minor expression or typographical problems in isolated places. Appropriate length. Good, but not total adherence to APA guidelines on clarity, bias reduction, etc.    Excellent expression, grammar, structure, flow and integration. Appropriate length. Full adherence to APA guidelines on clarity, bias reduction, etc.  MENTAL DISORDER EVOLUTION AND THE CONCEPT OF WELLNESS    1MENTAL DISORDER EVOLUTION AND THE CONCEPT OF WELLNESS    7Mental Disorder Evolution and the Concept of WellnessSwinburne University    Psychiatric or mental disorders have been prevalent physiological glitches affecting most people in the contemporary nations. Problems range from prognosis, treatment procedures and the concept of wellness. Over the decade, people have been relating the evolution of the disorder with present has seen situations evaluating their commonality in its effects. Analyzing mental disorder evolution, inequity in programming is detected with the provision of the differences existing between its effects in the past and present. Concisely, comparing mental disorders in the past and the present, it is viant to conclude that there is a kind of evolution with positive implications for the causes and treatment (Stanovich, XXXXXXXXXXThe beliefs that existed in the past on the causes of the disorder are different from those perceived by the contemporary peoples. Demonic perspective is out people thoughts despite being a point of stand in the past. To deeply understand mental disorder concept and the prefeed psychiatric definitions, DSM is prefeed for reliance. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of mental disorder is a detailed handbook used by healthcare providers in the world and mostly in the United States of America as an authoritative guide in diagnosing a mental disorder. DSM gives in-depth descriptions, symptoms, and criteria available in diagnosing mental disorders (Stanovich, XXXXXXXXXXDeep analysis of mental disorder will provide its evolution concept basing arguments on its diagnosis. Ultimately, mental disorder relationship with the concept of illness is also a point of concern.     DSM has undergone a series of changes since its inauguration. DSM has evolved from DSM 1 to the recent DSM 5. Series of DSM revision has led to deliberations among people wherein some are against the ideologies on the definition of psychiatric disorders and the available symptoms of diagnosis. DSM was mainly inaugurated to provide a standardized means for making and coding psychiatric diagnosis. DSM symptom-based criteria rely on information from analysis of expert committees who have conducted laboratory tests and to proof the justification of the existing symptoms to diagnose patients with mental disorders (Frances, XXXXXXXXXXGenerally, DSM defines mental disorder as a psychological aspect entailing characterization of distuance in personal emotion, cognition, or either defined as a behavior reflecting a dysfunction on psychological, biological and developmental processes involving the functioning of the mind. Mental disorders in most cases are allied to distress in social activities and other activities. However, despite involving stress in defining the mental disorder, the same is limited to stress from a deceased relative. Political, social, sexual conflicts are not related to mental disorders not unless the deviance results in a dysfunction. Evolution of Mental disorder Concept    Mental behavioral syndromes can be classified as a mental disorder and believed to have originated from adaption and generally may occur due to normal body functioning rather than biological malfunction. In the DSM system (iii, iv and v) mental disorder is associated with distress and impairment.  Distress and impairment is not an indication of biological malfunction but an indication of the normal functioning of the body. Precisely, normal functioning of the body can have an unpleasant feeling towards a person’s mental functioning hence resulting in mental disorder. Distress can be caused by normal things like eating a rotten food, physical pain like the one caused by a oken limb. These factors can result in mental disorder. Evolution perspective ings a clarity in the distinction between and disordered with an improvement in Psychiatric nosology.  Natural selection adapted by Charles Darwin is the only mechanism that has an essence to generate nonrandomization in biological organization. Considering mental disorder evolution, it is viant that natural selection accounts for mental complexity at all levels. Therefore a behavioral syndrome is an adaptation for several meant complexities and can be related to natural selection. Understanding whether a harmful functioning is caused by the natural functioning of an adaptation result a certain form of illness and therefore different treatment modalities are taken into consideration. Cuently, differentiating between functional and dysfunctional routes to distress and impairment remains an issue of concern. From the general

Soumi · Accepted Answer

Running Head: HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF PSYCHOLOGY	1
HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF PSYCHOLOGY 	2
HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF PSYCHOLOGY
EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF MENTAL DISORDER OVER THE PAST CENTURY AND ITS RELATION TO THE CONCEPT OF WELLNESS
Table of Contents
Introduction	3
Shift in the Paradigm related to Mental Health and Psychology	3
Evolution in the Concept of Mental Disorders over the Last Century	4
Reason for the Shift in Conception and Consequent Evolution	6
Relation of Mental Disorder Conceptions with that of Wellness	7
Conclusion	9
References	10
Introduction
Mental disorders have been a major concern for people all over the world, since time immemorial. The problems that people with mental disorders face generate useful definitions for each of them. It is noteworthy that mental disorders are of a variety of types and their symptoms are also remarkably different from one another. Therefore, one common definition of mental disorders cannot define each of them, differentially for every individual. Therefore, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of mental health gives distinct definitions of mental disorders that are customised and specific for every patient, belonging to that particular mental disorder. 
Such definitions of mental disorders are further incorporated by psychiatrists and psychologists to diagnose the exact issues of the person. However, complexity of these disorders, changing perceptions of people towards them, advancing technology and the ranging aetiology have depicted drastic transformation in the concept of mental disorders, thus, affecting wellness and well-being greatly, which are illustrated in this assignment.
Shift in the Paradigm related to Mental Health and Psychology
The area enclosed under the study of psychology, establishes a paradigm that helps to evaluate and understand the mental well-being of individuals. As stated by Petersen et al. (2014), it develops from the perceptions of the psychologists, who depict that the mental disorders are a result of one’s differential perceptions towards the world from that of the others. Hence, in order to evaluate these perceptions, there are various other perceptions, which are known as the worldview that deviates a person to view a situation from a single perspective. Therefore, it is evident that the paradigm of psychology is not a dominant one and thus, keeps shifting from time to time. 
As supported by Linehan (2018), the impact of mental health disorders has been drastically different in the present from what it used to be in the past. The situations, effects and issues caused due to mental illnesses have been tried to be evaluated by psychologists and psychiatrists in a varied way, especially in the past 10 years. However, it has been noticed that no one type of assessment or evaluation is successful in explaining them, nor in evaluating them. 
If the shift is analysed on the grounds presented by Kuhn, it can be illustrated that the viewpoint of a psychologist looking at a certain mental disorder can never be as same as that of the other (Kuhn, Kauppinen & Janowicz, 2014). For example, if one can view the occurrence of a mental issue due to neurological dysfunction, the other may view it as a consequence of behavioural issue. Hence, this is where worldview interrupts the personal perception, thus bringing in paradigm shift. 
Due to the changes in the patterns of the occurrences of mental disorders, now in the present times, the psychiatrists can say that the exhibition of such diseases has become very complex for them. In the opinions of Ryff (2014), although due to medical advancements, the identification of the causes and symptoms of the disorders has become more prominent; nevertheless, it has also brought in the complication of understanding the different of the worldview with that of the psychological paradigm. The contemporary perspective, although open and broad spectrum; however, has led to the narrowing of the border between the two, which otherwise, once used to be a distinct demarcation.
Evolution in the Concept of Mental Disorders over the Last Century
The initial concepts of mental disorders used to be quite narrow and showed them in the light of mere biological illnesses. As supported by Spitzer, Endicott and Franchi (2018), in the ancient times, there were no means to identify the complexities of human brain and mind, which is why the categorisation of the mental disorders also used to be broad, as well as there were no specific definition. Consequently, the diagnosis also used to be vague. However, with time, the evolution of this concept occurred. 
As argued by Drossman (2016), evolution in the explanation and understanding of mental disorders have had a positive impact that is when the psychologists or psychiatrists apply their evolved perspectives for the purpose of understanding the exact mental health issue of a patient,

Criteria No Pass Pass 50-59% Credit 60-69% Distinction 70-79% High Distinction 80-100% Explanation of question and definition of key terms (10%) Did not meet criterion. A few key terms not defined,...

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