Sample assessment tool -- Observation and demonstration checklist Knowledge questions Part A – Descriptive questions: 1. Discuss the role of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in the...

Sample assessment tool -- Observation and demonstration checklist

Knowledge questions

Part A – Descriptive questions:

1. Discuss the role of the elements ca
on, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen in the human body.

Around 96.2% of the mass inside the human body is made up of four elements: oxygen, ca
on, hydrogen and nitrogen. Oxygen (65%) with combination of hydrogen forms water, which is the primary solvent in the body, which helps in regulating body temperature and osmotic pressure. Ca
on (18.5%) has four bonding sites for other atoms, which makes it the important atom in the organic chemistry. The ca
on chains are used for the building of ca
ohydrates, fats, nucleic acids and proteins, and the
eaking bonds with the ca
on helps in producing energy. Hydrogen (9.5%) is found in the water content of the body and all other organic molecules. Nitrogen (3.2%) is found in proteins and in the nucleic acids, which helps in making genetic codes (Semenza & Prabhakar, 2018).

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2. Briefly describe homeostasis using an example. Discuss the relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease.

Homeostasis is the state of the steady internal, physical and chemical conditions maintained in the living system. This is the condition of the optimal functioning for the organism such as body temperature, fluid balance is kept in pre set limits. The homeostatic imbalance causes when the organisms gets weakened, or certain organs does not function properly or completely stop working in proper way. This causes the occu
ence of disease in the body (Lamichane et al., 2018).

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3. Discuss the following aspects of transport systems in our body.
· Differentiate between active and passive transport •     Differentiate between simple and facilitated diffusion
· Briefly describe osmosis with an example.

· Active transport requires energy for the movement of the molecules in the body, whereas, the passive transport does not require energy for the transportation of molecules.
· In simple diffusion the molecules can pass through only in the concentration gradient. In facilitated diffusion the molecules can pass in both direction, similar and opposite direction of the concentration gradient.
· Osmosis is the flow of water down the concentration gradient, which is across a semi-permeable mem
ane. Osmosis occurs when the sugar solution and water, top, are separated by a semipermeable mem
ane. (Gurgul, 2019).

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4. Describe the difference between hypertrophy and atrophy with two examples for each.

Muscle atrophy is called as the decrease in the strength of the muscle due to the decrease in the mass of the muscle or the amount of fi
es in the muscle. The muscle hypertrophy is called as the increase in the size of the muscle through the increase in the size of the component cells. (Anderson et al., 2019).
Example of hypertrophy: Enlargement of skeletal muscle with exercise, growth of the body mass index.
Example of atrophy: Tooth disease and Poliomyelitis

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5. Describe the difference between hyperplasia and metaplasia with an example for each.

Hyperplasia is the increase in the size of the tissues or an organ because of the increase in the number of cells. Metaplasia is the process of the reversible substitution of the distinct kind of cell with another type of mature cell of similar distinct kind. (Liu et al., 2020).
Example of Hyperplasia: Increase in the size of
east during pregnancy and growth of liver after partial resection.
Example of Metaplasia: Gastric cancer and Cervical cancer

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6. What is the difference between blunt and penetrating trauma? Discuss the impact of trauma (penetrating, blunt) and a nurse’s role in managing these impacts.

Blunt trauma refers to the injury caused because of the blunt surface or object because of acceleration, deceleration, compression or shearing forces.
Penetrating trauma is injury caused because of the sharp object that penetrates through the skin into the deeper tissues or cavities.
Blunt trauma causes wounds, which left untreated can lead to infection. The trauma can be treated by nurses through replacement of fluids, such as saline solution for dehydration and the blood loss. The wounds are properly cleaned and dressed.
Penetrative trauma leads to muscle injury and loss of blood. The nurses after admission ca
y on stabilizing the patient by providing them necessary transfusion, tetanus prophylaxis, antibiotics prophylaxis and many more other treatment process (Yoong et al., 2019).
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7. Define what diabetes is. Your answer should include the burden of disease, types of diabetes, and pathophysiology.
Diabetes is caused when the blood glucose level is too high in the blood. This is a condition when the body does not properly process food for use as energy. Pancreas is the organ which produces insulin to
eak down the food sources into energy which transport as a form of glucose in blood.
The types of diabetes are Type I when the body stops making adequate insulin to
eak down the food molecules. Type 2 diabetes is a condition when the cells cannot use the blood sugar efficiently for the energy, because the cells become insensitive to insulin resulting into increased blood sugar level in the body.
Patho philosophy of diabetes involves the plasma concentration of the glucose signalling the central nervous system to mobilize energy reserves. It is based on the cere
al blood flow and tissue integrity, arterial plasma glucose, the speed that plasma glucose concentration falls and the availability of other metabolic fuels (Schork et al., 2019).


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8. Discuss the pathophysiology, signs and treatment of Herpes Zoster (shingles).

Herpes zoster results from the reactivation of endogenous varicella-zoster that has persisted in latent form within sensory ganglia following varicella. Signs of disease include fever, chills, headache, itching, raised dots or redness on skin. The treatment for this disease includes orally administered acyclovir or other types of antiviral medicines. This must be administered within 72 hours of onset of rash (Verity et al., 2020).

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9. Define what COPD is. Discuss the pathophysiology and key focus of the management of COPD.

COPD is chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes the obstruction of airflows in the lungs. It results into
eathing difficulty, cough, mucus production and wheezing. COPD is characterised by poorly reversible airflow obstruction and an abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs.
COPD can be managed by short-acting
onchodilators, which makes
eathing easy by relaxing and widening of the airways. COPD can also be managed by control of
eathing, regular exercise, eating healthy foods, avoidance of smoke and pollution and regular follow-up with doctor (Li et al., 2020).

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10. Define what Myocardial Infarction is. Discuss the pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction.

Myocardial infarction is commonly known as heart attack, which occurs when the flow of blood decreases or stops to a part of heart, causing damage to the muscle of heart. The most common symptoms is chest pain or discomfort, which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck or jaw.
Myocardia infarction is coronary atherosclerosis with the superimposed luminal thrombus, which accounts for more than 80% of all the infracts (Song et al., 2019).

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11. Discuss the responsibilities and limitations for each of a registered nurse, enrolled nurse and health care assistant/nursing assistant in relation to analysing health information and providing services in a hospital setting.

Responsibilities and limitations of registered nurse: Record medical history and symptom of patient, collaborate with teams to plan patient care, operate medical equipment. Limitations are, they have long working hours, exposure to virus, stress and pressure from work.
Responsibilities and limitations of enrolled nurse: They provide physical and emotional support to more complex care including the administration of medicines. The limitations are they cannot do proper job role as registered nurses do.
Responsibilities and limitations of health care assistant: Observing and monitoring patient’s condition by monitoring temperature, pulse, respiration and weight. Communication with patients, relatives and carers. The limitations are that they cannot perform medical treatment on patients (Frogeli et al., 2019).
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12. Discuss the six (6) levels of structural organisation of the human body in order from the smallest structural unit to the largest.

The six level of structure organisation in human body is: atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs and organ system (Gokcora, 2021).

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13. Discuss the importance of a nurse understanding the life processes such as growth and development. (Why should nurses know about these processes?)

It is important for the nurses in understanding different life processes of growth and development, because this will help them in properly administer the treatment process such as: for administering and immunization to a one month old versus a ten year old, preparing a four year old for an appendectomy versus an eighteen year old and discussing life goals with a five year old versus a twenty year old versus seventy year old person (McKinnon, 2018).

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14. Discuss the application of hydrostatic and osmotic in our body using appropriate examples.

When a person is submerged...