Solution
Dr. Saloni answered on
Apr 28 2022
10
Major Depressive Disorde
Contents
Background 1
Description of the Disorder 1
Clinical Course 2
Diagnostic Criteria 3
Epidemiology and Risk Factors 3
Etiology 4
Interdisciplinary Treatment and Recovery 5
Primary Care Ba
iers 5
Nursing Management 5
Pharmaceutical Management 6
Conclusion 6
References 7
Background
Major depressive disorder ranks as the third leading cause of global burden of disease by WHO, with the disease projected to grade first by 2030. MDD (Major depressive disorder) is a multifaceted and complex condition accompanied by significant damage to wellbeing-associated quality of life and psychosocial functioning (Bastiaanssen et al., 2020). Clinical manifestations are extremely variable, with large differences in symptom profiles among individual patients. If sufferers with this disorder are to come back to constructive and satisfying everyday lives, both functional and symptomatic recovery are needed (Kennis et al., 2019). However, accomplishing these therapeutic goals remains difficult in clinical practise. Approximately half of MDD sufferers do not effectively respond to early antidepressant therapy, with sick people who accomplish only a partial response undergoing major impairments in their efficiency of work when compared to those who accomplish remission (Belleau et al., 2019).
This paper focuses on the description, clinical course, diagnostic criteria, epidemiology and risk factors, etiology, interdisciplinary treatment and recovery, primary care ba
iers, nursing management, and pharmaceutical management of major depressive disorder.
Description of the Disorde
MDD is a debilitating condition. MDD impacts one in every six people in their entire life and impacts about two times as many females as males. MDD has a multifactorial etiology, as well as its heritable traits, which are approximated to be around 35 percent. Furthermore, environmental factors, including physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of the child, are strenuously linked to the risk of advancing MDD. No known mechanism can illustrate every aspect of the disease (Guidi & Fava, 2020). On the other hand, MDD is associated with variations in regional
ain portions, especially the hippocampus, as well as functional variations in
ain circuits like the affective–salience system and the cognitive control system. To set suitable treatment priorities, healthcare providers and patients must work together to make shared decisions. It is diagnosed once an individual has a consistent depressed or low mood, loss of interest in enjoyable activities (anhedonia), feelings of worthlessness or guilt, decreased energy, appetite changes, poor concentration, psychomotor agitation or anomalies, sleep problems, or suicidal ideation (Hacimusalar & Esel, 2017). Furthermore, MDD causes disruptions in the primary neurobiological stress-responsive processes, such as the immune system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Pharmacological and psychotherapy therapy are the cornerstones of therapies. Electroconvulsive therapy is the intervention with the most empirical evidence for care-resistant sufferers who have never responded to any combination or augmentation treatment efforts (Hasin et al., 2018).
Episodes of depression in MDD can last 6–12 months if left untreated. Approximately two-thirds of people with MDD consider suicide, as well as 10-15 percent, commit self-harm. MDD is a recu
ing, chronic ailment; the risk of recu
ence after the initial episode is approximately 50 percent, 70 percent following the second episode, as well as 90 percent following the third episode (Köhler‐Forsberg et al., 2019). Approximately 5-10 percent of MDD patients suffer from bipolar disorder. Patients with mild episodes, a dearth of psychotic symptoms, improved treatment adherence, a powerful support network, and great premo
id functioning have a better prognosis for MDD. In the presence of a como
id psychological illness, multiple hospitalizations, a personality disorder, and the late age of occu
ence, the prognosis is bad (Guidi & Fava, 2020).
MDD is among the planet's leading risk factors for disability. It not only induces significant functional impairments but also harms interpersonal connections, lowering one's standard of living. Individuals suffering from this disorder are at an increased risk of experiencing como
id anxiety as well as substance use ailments, which further intensifies their suicide risk. Hyperglycemia, high blood pressure, coronary artery disorders, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can all be exace
ated by depression. Individuals who are depressed are more likely to engage in self-destructive behaviour as a coping method. If left unaddressed, MDD can be severely debilitating (Setiawan et al., 2018).
Clinical Course
To be diagnosed with major depression, a person must experience at least one major depressive episode lasting for a minimum of two weeks. Furthermore, depressive symptoms must last for the majority of days, almost every day, and interfere with social relationships, work, or somebody's capacity to function in everyday life (Davis et al., 2020). Some people with milder forms of severe depression may show up to have normal occupational and social functioning, but the affected individual is making a major, concerted attempt to appear untroubled. When an individual has only had one depressive episode, it is refe
ed to as "major depression, single episode." When several major depressive episodes happen in a row without any mixed or manic episodes, the diagnosis is changed to Major Depression, Reoccu
ing (Shen et al., 2019).
Diagnostic Criteria
Major depressive disorder has long been a medical diagnosis; it is primarily determined by a detailed medical history and a psychiatric status assessment. Including the clinical presentation, the medical interview should include health information, family medical history, substance use record, and social context. Collateral data from a person's caregiver is a critical component of a psychological examination (Hasin et al., 2018). A thorough physical evaluation, including a neurological assessment, must be ca
ied out. Any underlying organic or organic factors of a depressive disorder must be ruled out. A complete medical history, as well as...