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Rimsha answered on
Oct 28 2021
Running Head: INTERVENTION STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS THE GROWING DUAL BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION IN INDIA 1
INTERVENTION STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS THE GROWING DUAL BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION IN INDIA 4
INTERVENTION STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS THE GROWING DUAL BURDEN OF MALNUTRITION IN INDIA
Table of Contents
Double burden phenomenon 3
Determinants of dual burden 3
Etiology 4
Epidemiology 5
Dietary context of Indian population 6
Statistic of food production 6
Patterns of National dietary of India 7
Intervention to address the issue 7
References 11
Double burden phenomenon
The dual burden of malnutrition is the phenomena which is existing globally in past few years. It is important to note that a population is said to be suffered from such issue when there is existence of under nutrition along with obesity and overweight. There can be combination of other diet related non-communicable diseases in an individual (World Health Organization, 2019).
As mentioned by Tzioumis, and Adair (2014), in 2014, it is estimated that around 1.9 billion people were suffering from overweight, and around 462 million were underweight, apart from this, around 600 million people were obese. This caused the burden globally but the more concerning issue which arises when 2014, 42 million children were overweight along with stunted growth. This poses dual burden on the countries globally as it reduces the quality of life up to four folds.
Determinants of dual burden
The are many factors act as the determinant of the dual burden of malnutrition globally. As mentioned by Vaezghasemi et al. (2014), dual burden of malnutrition is mostly present in the people belonging to the lower- and middle-income group. It has been seen that factors such as environmental condition, and socio-economic condition affect the nutrition consumption of the population and resulted in development of malnutrition. As suggested by Zhang, Bécares, and Chandola (2016), the dual burden of malnutrition is mainly observed in the society undergoing nutrition transition. There has been changes in the diet consumption from traditional diets to adoption of the western diets. In India, the traditional diets are lower in fat and highly fi
ous, on contrary, the western diet is mainly rich in high energy nutrients like fat and ca
ohydrates, and low fi
ous contents. This transition is linked to the rapid development and u
anization in countries like India.
As noted by Bassete, Romaguera, Giménez, Lobo, and Samman (2014), food insecurity can also be responsible for the existence of dual burden of malnutrition in India. India is a rapidly growing population whose position stand at 102nd in world hunger rate. Food insecurity in lower income group coexists. It is responsible for the hunger and malnutrition. As noted by Kimani-Murage (2013), there is very high level of disparity in income of the country among rural and u
an areas. People living in rural areas are malnourished but people from lower income group living in the u
an areas are consuming western food, as a result stunted overweight is the major concern among the population. Limited access to the food provides limited choices of food. This resulted in failure in meeting of daily nutrition requirement of the individual.
There are individual level factors and population level factors which act as determinants of dual burden of malnutrition in India. As noted by Haddad, Cameron, and Barnett (2014), individual-level and household-level determinant of dual burden of malnutrition include factors such as education of parents, annual household income, age, and gender of people, and purchasing power of household. On contrary, population-level determinants of dual burden of malnutrition include u
anization index of the community such as density of population, housing, sanitation, health infrastructure of u
an places. It is important to note that cost of living in u
an areas is relatively higher than rural areas which make it difficult for the people to meet their end needs in minimum wage. The environmental factors like geography of area and availability of enough nutritious food in the area (Hasan, Sutradhar, Shahabuddin & Sarker, 2017). The cultural factor also acts as determinant when certain nutritious food is prohibited in some of the population due to their cultural restrictions. Food price is also considered one of the main determinants which affect the nutritional status of the society (Wong et al., 2015). The lifestyle, habit, and psychological factors act as determinant of dual burden of malnutrition.
Etiology
It is important to note that around three types of transitions are responsible for the cause of the dual burden of malnutrition. These transitions are nutrition transition, epidemiological transition, and demographic transition. As noted by Pomeroy et al. (2015), the nutrition transition can be defined as the phenomenon in which there is shift in the dietary patterns of the individual, household or community. There is shift in the energy consumption and energy expenditure. This occurs due to u
anization and globalization over time. This change resulted in shift from predominant under nutrition issue to high rates of obesity and overweight.
As stated by Uauy, Garmendia, and Corvalán (2014), the epidemiological transition can be defined as the phenomenon in which there is shift in the burden of disease in population related to the economic prosperity. The shift can be observed from infections and issues related to under nutrition to increase in the non-communicable diseases.
As suggested by Kosaka, and Umezaki (2017), demographic transition can be defined as the phenomenon in which there is shift in the structure of the population and increase in the lifespan. This transition also includes higher birth rates and death rates as well as very high number of younger population in comparison to the population with increasing proportion of older people.
Epidemiology
Although, nutrition, epidemiological, and demographic transition occur very slowly in the population, yet they occur in aa near-linear fashion. As mentioned by Sarmiento et al. (2014), nutrition transition was accompanied by epidemiological and demographic transitions which has resulted in higher calorific opportunities as well as rise in the issues such as obesity and overweight. In lower- and middle-income countries like India, these processed have been accelerated due to transitions. As an outcome, there is change in the diet quality and quantity for individuals and populations. This rapid change led to the coexistence or overlapping of overweight and undernutrition within population.
As suggested by Bulbul, and Hoque (2014),...