What is a Virtual Machine - A Virtual Machine (VM) is a compute resource that uses software instead of a physical computer to run programs and deploy apps. One or more virtual “guest” machines run on a physical “host” machine. Each virtual machine runs its own operating system and functions separately from the other VMs, even when they are all running on the same host. This means that, for example, a virtual MacOS virtual machine can run on a physical PC.
For this Comprehensive Learning Assessment you will create a virtual machine on your computer and add the operating system of your choice.
1. How to install and Setup VirtualBox (VM) on a Mac - https:
youtu.be/h0nCForKGPI
2. How to install and Setup VirtualBox (VM) on a PC - https:
youtu.be
866-7Y_0KQ
Develop and present a 2-3 page paper that demonstrates you have learned during this Comprehensive Learning Assignment and know how to apply the learning objectives in this course. Be sure to provide examples of all the elements that you have learned.
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Understanding Operating
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Sixth Edition
Ann McIver McHoes
Ida M. Flynn
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Contents
Part One Operating Systems Concepts 1
Chapter 1 Introducing Operating Systems 3
Introduction 4
What Is an Operating System? 4
Operating System Software 4
Main Memory Management 6
Processor Management 6
Device Management 7
File Management 7
Network Management 7
User Interface 7
Cooperation Issues 8
A Brief History of Machine Hardware 9
Types of Operating Systems 12
Brief History of Operating System Development 14
1940s 14
1950s 16
1960s 18
1970s 19
1980s 20
1990s 21
2000s 22
Threads 24
Object-Oriented Design 25
Conclusion 26
Key Terms 27
Interesting Searches 29
Exercises 29
Chapter 2 Memory Management: Early Systems 31
Single-User Contiguous Scheme 32
Fixed Partitions 34
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Dynamic Partitions 36
Best-Fit Versus First-Fit Allocation 38
Deallocation 44
Case 1: Joining Two Free Blocks 45
Case 2: Joining Three Free Blocks 46
Case 3: Deallocating an Isolated Block 47
Relocatable Dynamic Partitions 48
Conclusion 54
Key Terms 54
Interesting Searches 56
Exercises 56
Chapter 3 Memory Management: Virtual Memory 63
Paged Memory Allocation 64
Demand Paging 71
Page Replacement Policies and Concepts 76
First-In First-Out 77
Least Recently Used 79
The Mechanics of Paging 82
The Working Set 84
Segmented Memory Allocation 86
Segmented/Demand Paged Memory Allocation 89
Virtual Memory 92
Cache Memory 94
Conclusion 98
Key Terms 100
Interesting Searches 102
Exercises 102
Chapter 4 Processor Management 107
Overview 108
About Multi-Core Technologies 110
Job Scheduling Versus Process Scheduling 110
Process Scheduler 111
Job and Process Status 113
Process Control Blocks 114
PCBs and Queueing 115
Process Scheduling Policies 116
Process Scheduling Algorithms 118
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First-Come, First-Served 118
Shortest Job Next 120
Priority Scheduling 121
Shortest Remaining Time 122
Round Robin 124
Multiple-Level Queues 127
Case 1: No Movement Between Queues 128
Case 2: Movement Between Queues 128
Case 3: Variable Time Quantum Per Queue 128
Case 4: Aging 129
A Word About Inte
upts 129
Conclusion 130
Key Terms 131
Interesting Searches 134
Exercises 134
Chapter 5 Process Management 139
Deadlock 141
Seven Cases of Deadlock 142
Case 1: Deadlocks on File Requests 142
Case 2: Deadlocks in Databases 143
Case 3: Deadlocks in Dedicated Device Allocation 145
Case 4: Deadlocks in Multiple Device Allocation 145
Case 5: Deadlocks in Spooling 146
Case 6: Deadlocks in a Network 147
Case 7: Deadlocks in Disk Sharing 148
Conditions for Deadlock 149
Modeling Deadlocks 150
Strategies for Handling Deadlocks 153
Starvation 161
Conclusion 163
Key Terms 164
Interesting Searches 165
Exercises 165
Chapter 6 Concu
ent Processes 171
What Is Parallel Processing? 172
Evolution of Multiprocessors 174
Introduction to Multi-Core Processors 174
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Typical Multiprocessing Configurations 175
Maste
Slave Configuration 175
Loosely Coupled Configuration 176
Symmetric Configuration 177
Process Synchronization Software 178
Test-and-Set 179
WAIT and SIGNAL 180
Semaphores 180
Process Cooperation 183
Producers and Consumers 183
Readers and Writers 185
Concu
ent Programming 187
Applications of Concu
ent Programming 187
Threads and Concu
ent Programming 190
Thread States 191
Thread Control Block 193
Concu
ent Programming Languages 193
Java 194
Conclusion 196
Key Terms 197
Interesting Searches 198
Exercises 198
Chapter 7 Device Management 203
Types of Devices 204
Sequential Access Storage Media 205
Direct Access Storage Devices 208
Fixed-Head Magnetic Disk Storage 208
Movable-Head Magnetic Disk Storage 209
Optical Disc Storage 211
CD and DVD Technology 213
Blu-ray Disc Technology 215
Flash Memory Storage 215
Magnetic Disk Drive Access Times 216
Fixed-Head Drives 216
Movable-Head Devices 218
Components of the I/O Subsystem 219
Communication Among Devices 222
Management of I/O Requests 225
Device Handler Seek Strategies 226
Search Strategies: Rotational Ordering 230
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Contents
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RAID 232
Level Zero 234
Level One 234
Level Two 236
Level Three 236
Level Four 236
Level Five 237
Level Six 238
Nested RAID Levels 238
Conclusion 239
Key Terms 240
Interesting Searches 243
Exercises 243
Chapter 8 File Management 249
The File Manager 250
Responsibilities of the File Manager 250
Definitions 251
Interacting with the File Manager 252
Typical Volume Configuration 253
Introducing Subdirectories 255
File-Naming Conventions 256
File Organization 258
Record Format 259
Physical File Organization 259
Physical Storage Allocation 263
Contiguous Storage 263
Noncontiguous Storage 264
Indexed Storage 265
Access Methods 267
Sequential Access 268
Direct Access 268
Levels in a File Management System 269
Access Control Verification Module 272
Access Control Matrix 273
Access Control Lists 274
Capability Lists 274
Data Compression 275
Text Compression 275
Other Compression Schemes 276
Conclusion 277
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Key Terms 277
Interesting Searches 279
Exercises 280
Chapter 9 Network Organization Concepts 283
Basic Terminology 284
Network Topologies 286
Star 287
Ring 287
Bus 289
Tree 290
Hy
id 291
Network Types 292
Local Area Network 292
Metropolitan Area Network 293
Wide Area Network 293
Wireless Local Area Network 293
Software Design Issues 295
Addressing Conventions 295
Routing Strategies 296
Connection Models 298
Conflict Resolution 301
Transport Protocol Standards 305
OSI Reference Model 305
TCP/IP Model 309
Conclusion 311
Key Terms 311
Interesting Searches 313
Exercises 314
Chapter 10 Management of Network Functions 317
History of Networks 318
Comparison of Network and Distributed
Operating Systems 318
DO/S Development 321
Memory Management 321
Process Management 323
Device Management 328
File Management 330
Network Management 334
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NOS Development 336
Important NOS Features 337
Major NOS Functions 338
Conclusion 339
Key Terms 339
Interesting Searches 340
Exercises 340
Chapter 11 Security and Ethics 343
Role of the Operating System in Security 344
System Survivability 344
Levels of Protection 345
Backup and Recovery 346
Security Breaches 347
Unintentional Intrusions 347
Intentional Attacks 348
System Protection 354
Antivirus Software 355
Firewalls 356
Authentication 357
Encryption 359
Password Management 361
Password Construction 361
Password Alternatives 363
Social Engineering 365
Ethics 366
Conclusion 367
Key Terms 367
Interesting Searches 370
Exercises 370
Chapter 12 System Management 373
Evaluating an Operating System 374
Cooperation Among Components 374
Role of Memory Management 375
Role of Processor Management 375
Role of Device Management 376
Role of File Management 378
Role of Network Management 379
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Measuring System Performance 380
Measurement Tools 380
Feedback Loops 383
Patch Management 385
Patching Fundamentals 386
Software Options 388
Timing the Patch Cycle 388
System Monitoring 388
Accounting 391
Conclusion 392
Key Terms 393
Interesting Searches 394
Exercises 394
Part Two Operating Systems in Practice 397
Chapter 13 UNIX Operating System 401
Overview 402
History 402
The Evolution of UNIX 404
Design Goals 405
Memory Management 406
Process Management 408
Process Table Versus User Table 409
Synchronization