HEALTHCARE
Table of Contents
Introduction    3
Chosen Health Issue Affecting Population    3
Statistics Reflecting Extent of the Issue and Identification of the Most Affected Population    3
Health Issue Has Improved or Worsened Over the Last Decade    4
Part 2    4
Description of Used Model    4
Impact of Health Determinants on Chosen Public Health Issue    5
Part 3    6
Explanation of Structural, Settings and Behaviour Change    6
Application of Approaches to Chosen Health Issue    6
Part 4    7
Health Policy Addressing Chosen Public Health Issue    7
Approaches Used Within the Chosen Policy    8
Conclusion    9
References    10
Introduction
In modern context of healthcare, a wide range of healthcare concerns are addressed in the light of available studies as well as through making positive interventions. In fact, not always, public health issues are driven from the impacts of the external factors responsible for the negative effects over population. At times, behavioural approach of the individuals also contributes towards the development of healthcare issues.
Smoking is one of such problems, which have affected the general health of the population. Not only smoking renders serious healthcare problems to smokers but also it does harm to those who live nea
y the smokers. The following is an examination of smoking as a serious health concern in English society. The paper also discusses the fundamental features of the intervening model, the conceptual model of public welfare in healthcare, and the ways, in which the social determinants of health can be used to influence structural changes in behaviour positively.
Part 1
Chosen Health Issue Affecting Population
Public health issue refers to a specific health concern-affecting majority of population within the geographical area. Smoking is one of the major health concerns globally and U.K is no exception. Cigarettes are the most common form of tobacco, which is smoked and it can lead to numerous health concerns such as, cancer, stroke, lung infections, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic
onchitis, emphysema and much more. Further, it would be essential to understand that smoking can increase the risk of tuberculosis and passive smoking is injurious for the individuals inhaling the smoke released by active smokers (Blok et al. 2017).
Statistics Reflecting Extent of the Issue and Identification of the Most Affected Population
As per the data presented by Public Health England (2020), it is evident that smoking is not a lifestyle rather; it is a chronic and relapsing condition needing treatment. 78000 individuals have been reported to be dead every year and smoking is the prominent factor behind their death. As a result, it has been categorised as one of the leading causes of preventable diseases or illness within U.K. Despite of the implicated policies and continued decline in smoking prevalence, more than 14.4% adults have been reported to smoke in England; thus, resulting into a population of over 6 million in 2018 (Davies et al. 2020).
Further, it would be essential to consider the fact that more than 30 individuals have been reported to suffer from serious illness concerned with smoking. Likewise, more than 489,300 individuals were reported to be admitted in hospital between 2007 and 2018 due to smoking related concerns. Cu
ently, one in four patients lying on a hospital bed in U.K is reported to be a smoker; thus, smokers have their GP 35% more compared to the non-smokers in U.K (Health and Safety Executive, 2021).
Health Issue Has Improved or Worsened Over the Last Decade
It would be essential to consider the fact that, the individuals within U.K. might perceive smoking as a lifestyle. However, smoking not only increases the health burden but also it leads to increased investment on healthcare, which could have been prevented. As evident from the data presented by Office for National Statistics (2020), population of smokers have declined from 14.7% in 2018 to 14.1% in 2019 (Office for National Statistics, 2020).
Further, men have been reported to smoke 3.4% more than women in U.K. Likewise, 15.5% of the total population in Wales, 15.4% in Scotland and 15.6% of adults in Northern Ireland have been reported to smoke. Moreover, concerning the latest trends, it is evident that individuals from manual and routine occupations (around 1 in 4) are reported to smoke compared with the working professionals in U.K belonging to managerial profiles (Health and Safety Executive, 2021).
One of the distu
ing facts is that more than 52.7% of individuals aged 16 years were reported to smoke and wanted to quit. Therefore, this population is not even considered as adults and it might not be included in the above presented statistics. Over 3 million individuals have switched from traditional cigarettes to e-cigarettes, which have been reported to be equally harmful (Office for National Statistics, 2020).
Part 2
Description of Used Model
There are varieties of models available that consider the impact of socioeconomic determinants of health. It is critical to remember that there is no single, well-defined definition of socioeconomic determinants of health. This is because of the fact that social determinants might be any specific characteristic, component, or pathway that has an impact on an individual's health and it can thus be influenced by educated action. For a long time, smoking and the health risks associated with it did not reflect themselves. Smoking becomes a lifestyle first, followed by issues associated with smoking several years later.
With a view to approach smoking as the lasting health issue for individuals, conceptual model of social determinants can be of assistance here. The rationale behind selecting conceptual model pertains to the theory that this model applies...