Is
the following an argument or explanation? Elaborate (4 marks)
(a) More
severe tropical storms, melting polar icecaps and retreating glaciers all
provide
evidence that the Earth’s atmosphere is warming.
(b) The
Earth’s atmosphere is warming because carbon dioxide is released to the
atmosphere
when fossil fuels are burnt.
(c) You can
tell that the Earth’s atmosphere is warming from the rise in sea levels.
(d) The
warming of the earth’s atmosphere results from rising levels of carbon
dioxide and
other ‘greenhouse gases’.
Do
the following statements have exactly the same meaning? Provide a
counterexample
to each statement, or explain why a counterexample is not
possible.
(3 Marks)
If a murder
has been committed, then a human being has been killed.
If a human
being has been killed, then a murder has been committed.
For
the following conditional claims identify the sufficient condition and the
necessary
condition, say whether a counterexample is possible, and give a
counterexample
where possible. (6 marks)
(a) Only
love can break your heart.
(b) Every
water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom.
(c) If you
have antibodies then you have been exposed to the virus.
For
the following conditional argument: what is the form of the argument?
(i.e.
denying or affirming which condition?) Is the argument valid? (2 marks)
If there is
a will, then there is a way.
There is no
way.
Therefore,
there is no will.
Is
the following argument sound? Explain in full. (3 marks)
Only planets
with liquid water can sustain life.
Earth has
liquid water.
Therefore,
Earth can sustain life.
Assess
the following definitions by trying to find counterexamples. State
whether
your counterexample(s) show the definition is too broad or too
narrow
or both, and make it clear which counterexample shows which flaw in
the
definition. If you cannot find counterexamples, explain why. (6 marks)
(a) X is a
game if and only if X has rules.
(b) X is
guilty if and only if X has broken the law.
(c) X is a
person if and only if X is a living, breathing human being.
Explain why the argument below is not valid.
Attempt to construct a valid
argument
with the same conclusion as the argument below. Is your argument
sound?
(4 marks)
The bread I
ate yesterday was safe.
All the
bread I have ever eaten has been safe.
Therefore,tomorrow’s bread will be safe.