I take on your consulting statement that reads "The US transport policy favours the well off than the poor. Where the British has transport pass for the aged and bus access to poor communities at subsidies rates. The policy that promote walking and ridding were not encountered."
You note then in the introduction that " according to Wilkinson & Marmot (2003), a healthy transport policy “means less driving and more walking and cycling”. The use of public transports is necessary to reduce use of personal transport and evectional reduction of burning fossil fuel with resultant reduction of air/environmental pollution."
I draw on Litman XXXXXXXXXXwho shows how transportation planning decisions impact public health in three main ways: through traffic crashes, vehicle pollution, and physical activity. Therefore transportation decisions have major impacts on public health through impacts on crash risk, pollution emissions, and physical fitness. All three health risks tend to increase with motor vehicle use. Although mitigation strategies can reduce some negative health impacts, all else being equal, increased motor vehicle travel and reduced non-motorized travel tends to harm public health.
It has also been found that transport is a public health challenge comparable to sewers in the 19th century and clean air in the 20th century in its difficulty, its financial implications and its consequences, according to research edited by UCL's Dr Jennifer Mindell (UCL XXXXXXXXXXThe report authors, who include Professor Roger Mackett (Centre for Transport Studies at UCL), concluded that transport affects health in a range of both positive and negative ways. It provides access to many facilities beneficial to health, and in particular walking and cycling offer an excellent way to build physical activity into everyday life, but transport also causes stress, disruption of communities, injuries, noise and air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. They argue that transport’s effects also exacerbate inequalities, with the benefits of motorised transport accruing particularly to the better off, while the adverse effects fall disproportionately on the already disadvantaged.