Global Health and Health Transitions Relief: Intervention that saves lives and relieves human suffering. Focuses on the short-term/acute actions to meet basic immediate needs such as health care,...

Global Health and Health Transitions
Relief:    Intervention that saves lives and relieves human suffering.    Focuses on the short-term/acute actions to meet basic immediate needs such as health care, clean water, sanitation, shelter and psychological assistance (given the context of conflict in some of affected areas).
Recovery and rehabilitation:    Restoration of local services related to immediate needs that can be re-established to acceptable levels within a reasonably short period of time. The services include social infrastructure, such as schools and health centers; peace-building and livelihood restoration activities to help individuals and communities regain their economic independence.
Reconstruction/Development:    Longer-term strengthening or local capacity building to help people in the affected areas rebuild and develop their lives and meet their own needs.
Experience of many donors, governments and aid organizations in dealing with emergencies has highlighted the importance of developing program and funding strategies that both address immediate humanitarian needs and support concu
ent and subsequent efforts aimed at creating conditions conducive to recovery and sustained development.
Example: In Africa, the continuing trend of crisis throughout the continent is perceived as bleeding aid money away from development as donors attempt to address the ever-mounting relief needs. Many fear that, if planned and implemented in isolation, such humanitarian interventions will steadily replace development and
eed long-term dependencies, undermine indigenous coping strategies and, in the long term, actually increase vulnerabilities.
The idea of linking relief and development is not new.
In the post Gulf war period, ideas concerning the linking of relief and development have gained further cu
ency -- very much in parallel to a growing awareness of a need to better understand and respond to the root causes of complex and "chronic" emergencies.
Despite the appearance of "permanent emergency" in a number of countries and a tacit acknowledgment that in some cases, the threat of disaster at human and economic level should be considered to be the norm, some observers use the notion of a relief to development "continuum" to reflect the view that emergencies should be considered as no more than an inte
uption to the process of otherwise linear development.
SELECTED NATURAL DISASTERS, XXXXXXXXXX
Tulsa Flooding & Storms
May-June 2019
2022 - Global Deaths from Natural Disasters by Type
10 deadliest natural disasters of 2022
Floods Kill at least 233 in Brazil – Fe
uary 2022
Flooding Kills at least 461 in south Africa – April 2022
Tropical Storm Megi Kills at least 214 in Philippines – April 2022
Earthquake in Afghanistan Kills at least 1,036 – June 2022
Flooding in India kills at least 192 Lives – June to September 2022
Floods Kill at least 1,739 in Pakistan – June to October 2022
Floods in Nigeria Kill at least 612 – June to November 2022
Drought Kills At least 200 in East Africa – July 2022
Floods Kill More Than 182 in Afghanistan – August 2022
Earthquake Kills at least 334 in Indonesia – November 2022
SELECTED COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES OF IMPORTANCE
SELECTED REFUGEE POPULATIONS AND
SOURCE OF REFUGEES, 2006
INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE: SELECTED COUNTRIES
GUIDELINES ON MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCY SETTINGS
THE CODE OF CONDUCT: PRINCIPLES OF CONDUCT FOR THE INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS AND RED CRESCENT MOVEMENT AND NGOS IN DISASTER RESPONSE PROGRAMS
Global health refers to health problems that transcend national borders — problems such as infectious and insect-borne diseases that can spread from one country to another.
Also, includes health problems that are of such magnitude that they have a political and economic impact globally.
What is Global Health?
Refers to health problems that are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions — solutions that involve more than one country.
Problems where countries can learn from one another’s experiences, both in how diseases spread and in how they can be treated and controlled.
Cooperation across countries is essential to addressing those health problems across national borders.
Global Health
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TERM
Public Health: Developed as a discipline in the mid 19th century in UK, Europe and US. National issues.
Data and evidence to support action, focus on populations, social justice and equity, emphasis on preventions vs cure.
International Health: Developed during past decades, came to be more concerned with
the diseases (e.g. tropical diseases) and
conditions (war, natural disasters) of middle/low income countries.
Tended to denote a one way flow of ‘good ideas’.
Global Health: More recent in its origin - emphasises a greater scope of health problems and solutions
that transcend national boundaries
equiring greater inter-disciplinary approach
Global Health ….
Approach to health globally has evolved from
tropical health/ international health to global health
Global health has been described as:
“encompassing ‘health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries, and may best be addressed by cooperative actions’” and may be viewed “not just as a state but also the goal of improving health for all people by reducing avoidable disease, disabilities, and deaths.”
- Institute of Medicine, 2009;
DISCIPLINES INVOLVED IN GLOBAL HEALTH
Social sciences
Behavioural sciences
Law
Economics
History
Engineering
Biomedical sciences
Environmental sciences
Important to address global health issues for the following reasons
Humanitarian reasons:
Triple ‘Big’ Infections: Malaria/TB/AIDS
An estimated 2.8 million people died from AIDS, the vast majority of them in developing nations.
More than 15 million children have been orphaned as a result of AIDS.
Working to solve global health problems will help avert the needless suffering and preventable deaths of millions of adults and children.
There has been important progress in life expectancy … yet ….
10,000 babies die every day in the world before they are four weeks old
529,000 women a year die in childbirth
More than 750,000 children die every year of measles
More than 3 million people die in the world every year of TB or Malaria
HUMANITARIAN REASONS
Important to address global health issues for the following reasons
Equity reasons:
Roughly 90 percent of the world’s health care resources are spent on diseases that affect 10 percent of the world’s population.
Working to solve GH problems will help ensure that money and resources are distributed more fairly across the globe.
Important to address Global Health issues for the following reasons
Direct impact reasons:
Increasingly connected world, diseases can move as freely as people and products.
Infectious diseases can easily cross national borders and pose immediate threats in the U.S.— diseases such as SARS, avian flu, and drug resistant TB.
Globalization – Goods, Foods & Disease
Important to address global health issues for the following reasons
Indirect impact reasons:
GH matters to Americans for reasons that may not be immediately clear, but that are nevertheless very real.
Example: Rising incidences of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and TB - increasing poverty and political instability in many countries causing political and economic consequences
her non-infectious causes arising in the perinatal pe
iod apart from prematurity, low birth weight, birth
Note: “Neo
trauma and
natal Infections and Other” category also includes ot
asphyxia.
Global Burden of Disease:
Leading Causes of Death
Rank
Low-Income Countries
Middle-Income Countries
High-Income Countries
1    Lower respiratory infections
Ischemic heart disease
Ischemic heart disease
2    Dia
heal diseases
Stroke and other cere
o- vascular diseases
Stroke and other cere
ovascular diseases
3    HIV/AIDS
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Trachea,
onchus, lung cancers
4    Ischemic heart disease
Lower respiratory infections
Alzheimer and other dementias
5    Malaria
Dia
heal diseases
Lower respiratory infections
6
Stroke and other cere
o- vascular diseases
HIV/AIDS
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
7    Tuberculosis
Road traffic accidents
Colon and rectum cancers
8
Prematurity and low birth weight
Tuberculosis
Diabetes mellitus
9
Birth asphyxia and birth trauma
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertensive heart disease
10    Neonatal infections and other    Hypertensive heart disease    Breast cance
Source: WHO, “The Top Ten Causes of Death,“ fact sheet #310, May 2011, ” http:
www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310_2008.pdf.
Key Stakeholders in Global Health
Multilateral and International Organizations
Global Fund
UN Agencies, such as:
WHO
UNAIDS
UNFPA
GAVI
Stop TB
Roll Back Malaria
Countries
Donor countries, such as those in the Group of 8 (G-8, including United States of America, United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, France) and the Group of 20 (G-20)
Partner countries, such as South Africa, Vietnam, and Haiti
Private Secto
Businesses,
including pharmaceutical companies
Foundations
Acad./Research Organizations
Universities
Research institutions
Think tanks
Civil Society
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
Community organizations
Individuals
Affected individuals
Family members
Community members
SELECTED BILATERAL AGENCIES INVOLVED IN RELIEF & DEVELOPMENT IN GLOBAL HEALTH
SELECTED NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN RELIEF & DEVELOPMENT IN GLOBAL HEALTH
Selected Global Health Initiatives
Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation (GAVI)
2000
Abuja Declaration
2000
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
2000
United Nations General Assembly on HIV/AIDS
2001
Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria
2002
U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
(PEPFAR)
2003
World Health Organization 3x5 Initiative
2003
International Health Regulations
2005/2007
International Health Partnership Plus (IHP+)
2007
UN “Development Agenda”
Sustainable Development Goals’
2015
United Nations Millennium Development Goals’ Review Summit
2010
0.1%
0.4%
0.4%
0.6%
0.5%
0.6%
0.6%
1.8%
0.8%
0.7%
0.8%
1.4%
2.8%
22.2%
4.4%
5.7%
3.8%
8.1%
2.5%
4.7%
1.7%
6.0%
23.5%
0.1%
Japan
Italy
France
Canada
Ireland
Sweden
Australia
Norway
Germany
United Kingdom
Netherlands
United States
Share of World GDP
Share of All Resources for HIV/AIDS
Donor Share of World GDP Compared to Share of All Resources Available for HIV/AIDS, 2008
Agency
Labo
Peace Corps
CDC
Homeland           Security
USAID
Bureaus for: Global Health;
Economic Growth, Agriculture & Trade; Democracy, Conflict,
Humanitarian Assistance
Commerce
EPA
Defense
USDA
NIH
FDA
HRSA
PEPFAR
HHS
OGHA OPHS
MCC
PMI
Water for Poo
NTD
Avian Influenza Action Group
    K E Y    Department
        Independent
        Dept. Operating
        Mu Unit ncy
lti-Age
Initiative
GHI
Dept. of State
OGAC
OES
Ambassadors Missions
Schematic of the U.S. Government’s Global Health Architecture
The White House
C O N G R E S S
Programs for Diseases and Conditions
PEPFAR (HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis)
President’s Malaria Initiative (Malaria)
Neglected and Tropical Diseases
Population-Based and Other Programs
Maternal and Children’s Health
Family Planning and Reproductive Health
Nutrition
Clean Wate
Key Global Heath Programs Supported by
U.S. Government
U.S. GLOBAL HEALTH FUNDING,
FY 2011 – FY 2021 (IN BILLIONS)