I. Identify and give the historical significance of 5 of the following for 10% each:“Fathers of...

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I. Identify and give the historical significance of 5 of the following for 10% each:
“Fathers of hypnosis”    Malthus
Breuer     Wallace
Ultraviolet catastrophe
Uniforitarianism
phlogiston
Neptunists
Vulcanists
Craniometry & anthropometry
Pauli & Planck
Anna O.
Capt. Fitzroy
Principle of Simultaneity
II. Answer completely A or B for 25%:
    A. What are the similarities you see between Freud’s work and general relativity? What is the relative acceptance of these theories today, and how has this changed from the first half of the 20th century?
    B. What similarities do you see between Freud’s project and that of Darwin? In what ways were these theories continuations of the 17th and 18th c., and in what ways are they discontinuous?
III.     Answer completely either A or B for 25%:
    A. How does Einstein’s critique of the gymnasium’s educational training as requiring “Kadavergehorsamkeit” i.e., the ‘obedience of a corpse,’ reflect similar problems in any scientific training? How have Berman’s and Kuhn’s works illuminated these difficulties? In what specific ways did Einstein’s theories challenge the earlier paradigm? In what ways does quantum theory challenge General Relativity? What can you deduce from this?
    B. What are the similarities you discern among the scientific paradigms we have studied, from the Aristotelian, through the alchemical transformation into Newtonianism, to the recent divide between relativity and quantum mechanics? How can you explain the similarities among functions and explanations, and yet the great discrepancies among these premises? Extra Credit Option: What new insights did the works of Berman & Kuhn add?

history-homework-gigjsutq.docx

Sumita Mitra · Accepted Answer

3
I. Historical significance:
a) Ultraviolet Catastrophe:
This term was first used in the year 1911 by “Paul Ehrenfest” to define the scenario where the ideal black body in a state of thermal equilibrium will emit radiations in all ranges of frequency. This is a conflict between theory and the observation in classical physics and to refer this failure the name catastrophe was used in those days.
b) Uniformitarianism:
This term was coined in 1795 by the founder of geology James Hutton. He stated about the way in which the earth’s landscape changed over time and noted that these processes happened at a constant rate. It states that changes in the earth's crust throughout history have resulted from the action of uniform, continuous processes that are still occurring today, and will also keep on occurring till the planet remains.
c) Phlogiston:
This term was developed by a German scientist named Georg Stahl way back in the 18th century to tell the world that all combustible substances contained a universal component of fire called as phlogiston. This is a Greek word which meant inflammable.
d) Neptunists:

I. Identify and give the historical significance of 5 of the following for 10% each: “Fathers of hypnosis” Malthus Breuer Wallace Ultraviolet catastrophe Uniforitarianism phlogiston Neptunists...

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