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Running Head: CONCEPT MAP AND GUIDED QUESTION RESPONSE    1
CONCEPT MAP AND GUIDED QUESTION RESPONSE     14
CONCEPT MAP AND GUIDED QUESTION RESPONSE
Table of Contents
Concept Map related to Acute Severe Asthma    3
Key Concepts related to Acute Severe Asthma    4
Aetiology    4
Pathophysiology    4
Clinical Manifestations    4
Diagnosis    4
Treatment    4
Course    4
Prognosis    4
Prevention    5
Relationship between the Key Concepts    5
References    6
Guided Questions    8
Q1. Pathogenesis of Acute Severe Asthma leading to Clinical Manifestations seen in Jackson Smith    8
Q2. Two Urgent Nursing Strategies for Managing Jackson’s Acute Severe Asthma with Rationales    10
Q3.    11
a. Mechanism of Action of Nebulised Salbutamol, Nebulised Ipratropium Bromide (4/24) and IV Hydrocortisone 100mg (6/24), relating to Underlying Pathogenesis of Acute Severe Asthma    11
. Nursing Implications while Administering these Drugs to an Acute Severe Asthma Patient    12
References    13
Concept Map related to Acute Severe AsthmaRelationship between the Key Concepts
Allergen, pollutants and other environmental substances are the cause of acute asthma, which results in blocking airways and resulting problem in
eathing. Wheezing coughing are the common symptoms of acute asthma patients. Antagonist beta is the most effective medication for asthma. Regular check-up and proper exercise may help the patient to recover from the severity of asthma (Lefebvre et al., 2015).
Clinical Manifestations
· Wheezing, coughing, feeling tired, problem in speech, shortage of
eath, blue coloration of lips and nail (Bonnelykke et al., 2014)
Pathophysiology
· Inflammatory cell infiltration like neutrophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte, mast cell activation, epithelial cell injury
· Development of IgE antibody (Schmidt et al., 2014)
Aetiology
· Exposure to various allergen, i
itant substances
· Environmental stimuli are also an important factor for asthma (Swystun et al., 2018).
Diagnosis
· Lung function test, chest X-ray, evaluation of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and heartburn, allergy test, evaluation of sinus, judgement of asthma severity.
Treatment
· Salbutamol, Flovent, Pulmicort
Prognosis
· Depends on age factor as old aged people are not prone to be cured easily
· Proper medication can give the relief for long term (Neame, Aragon, Fernandes & Sinha, 2015)
Course
· Long term control medicine: Leukotriene modifiers, inhaled corticosteroid, methylxanthines, oral corticosteroid (Kantor et al., 2016)
· Short acting: Beta 2 agonist, Anticholinergic
Key Concepts related to Acute Severe Asthma
Aetiology
· Exposure to various allergen, i
itant substances
· Environmental stimuli are also an important factor for asthma (Swystun et al., 2018).
Pathophysiology
· Inflammatory cell infiltration like neutrophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte, mast cell activation, epithelial cell injury
· Development of IgE antibody (Schmidt et al., 2014)
Clinical Manifestations
· Wheezing, coughing, feeling tired, problem in speech, shortage of
eath, blue coloration of lips and nail (Bonnelykke et al., 2014).
Diagnosis
· Lung function test, chest X-ray, evaluation of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and heartburn, allergy test, evaluation of sinus, judgement of asthma severity.
Treatment
· Salbutamol, Flovent, Pulmicort
Course
· Long term control medicine: Leukotriene modifiers, inhaled corticosteroid, methylxanthines, oral corticosteroid (Kantor et al., 2016)
· Short acting: Beta 2 agonist, Anticholinergic,
Prognosis
· Depends on age factor as old aged people are not prone to be cured easily
· Proper medication can give the relief for long term (Neame, Aragon, Fernandes & Sinha, 2015).
Prevention
· Regular exercise, taking low stress, good sleep at night, proper medication and being aware of asthma symptoms
Relationship between the Key Concepts
Allergen, pollutants and other environmental substances are the cause of acute asthma, which results in blocking airways and resulting problem in
eathing. Wheezing coughing are the common symptoms of acute asthma patients. Antagonist beta is the most effective medication for asthma. Regular check-up and proper exercise may help the patient to recover from the severity of asthma (Lefebvre et al., 2015).
References
Bonnelykke, K., Sleiman, P., Nielsen, K., Kreiner-Moller, E., Mercader, J. M., Belgrave, D., ... & Mortensen, L. J. (2014). A genome-wide association study identifies CDHR3 as a susceptibility locus for early childhood asthma with severe exace
ations. Nature genetics, 46(1), 51
Kantor, D. B., McDonald, M. C., Stenquist, N., Schultz, B. J., Smallwood, C. D., Nelson, K. A., ... & Hirschhorn, J. N. (2016). Omalizumab is associated with reduced acute severity of rhinovirus-triggered asthma exace
ation. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 194(12), 1552-1555
Lefebvre, P., Duh, M. S., Lafeuille, M. H., Gozalo, L., Desai, U., Robitaille, M. N., ... & Lin, X. (2015). Acute and chronic systemic corticosteroid–related complications in patients with severe asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 136(6), 1488-1495
Neame, M., Aragon, O., Fernandes, R. M., & Sinha, I. (2015). Salbutamol or aminophylline for acute severe asthma: how to choose which one, when and why?. Archives of Disease in...