E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
RELIGION
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
EOR2.tpgsV4 11/10/04 10:42 AM Page 1
E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F
RELIGION
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
LINDSAY JONES
EDITOR IN CHIEF
4
DACIAN RIDERS
•
ESTHER
EOR2.tpgsV4 11/10/04 10:42 AM Page 3
Encyclopedia of Religion, Second Edition
Lindsay Jones, Editor in Chief
© 2005 Thomson Gale, a part of The
Thomson Corporation.
Thomson, Star Logo and Macmillan Reference
USA are trademarks and Gale is a registered
trademark used herein under license.
For more information, contact
Macmillan Reference USA
An imprint of Thomson Gale
27500 Drake Rd.
Farmington, Hills, MI XXXXXXXXXX
Or you can visit our Internet site at
http:
www.gale.com
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this work covered by the copyright
hereon may be reproduced or used in any
form or by any means—graphic, electronic, o
mechanical, including photocopying, record-
ing, taping, Web distribution, or information
storage retrieval systems—without the writ-
ten permission of the publisher.
For permission to use material from this
product, submit your request via Web at
http:
www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you
may download our Permissions Request form
and submit your request by fax or mail to:
Permissions
Thomson Gale
27500 Drake Rd.
Farmington Hills, MI XXXXXXXXXX
Permissions Hotline:
XXXXXXXXXXor XXXXXXXXXXext. 8006
Fax: XXXXXXXXXXor XXXXXXXXXX
Since this page cannot legibly accommodate
all copyright notices, the acknowledgments
constitute an extension of the copyright
notice.
While every effort has been made to
ensure the reliability of the information pre-
sented in this publication, Thomson Gale
does not guarantee the accuracy of the data
contained herein. Thomson Gale accepts no
payment for listing; and inclusion in the pub-
lication of any organization, agency, institu-
tion, publication, service, or individual does
not imply endorsement of the editors or pub-
lisher. E
ors
ought to the attention of the
publisher and verified to the satisfaction of
the publisher will be co
ected in future
editions.
This title is also available as an e-book.
ISBN XXXXXXXXXXX
Contact your Thomson Gale representative for ordering information.
Printed in the United States of America
XXXXXXXXXX
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Encyclopedia of religion / Lindsay Jones, editor in chief.— 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN XXXXXXXXXXSET HARDCOVER : ALK. PAPER) —
ISBN XXXXXXXXXXV. 1) — ISBN XXXXXXXXXXv. 2) —
ISBN XXXXXXXXXXv. 3) — ISBN XXXXXXXXXXv. 4) —
ISBN XXXXXXXXXXv. 5) — ISBN XXXXXXXXXXX (v. 6) —
ISBN XXXXXXXXXXv. 7) — ISBN XXXXXXXXXXv. 8) —
ISBN XXXXXXXXXXX (v. 9) — ISBN XXXXXXXXXXv. 10)
— ISBN XXXXXXXXXXv. 11) — ISBN XXXXXXXXXXv.
12) — ISBN XXXXXXXXXXv. 13) — ISBN XXXXXXXXXXX
(v. 14) — ISBN XXXXXXXXXXv. 15)
1. RELIGION—ENCYCLOPEDIAS. I. JONES, LINDSAY,
1954-
BL31.E46 2005
200’.3—dc XXXXXXXXXX
eorel_fm 3/2/05 8:36 AM Page iv
v
E D I T O R S A N D C O N S U L T A N T S
EDITOR IN CHIEF
LINDSAY JONES
Associate Professor, Department of
Comparative Studies, Ohio State
University
BOARD MEMBERS
DAVÍD CARRASCO
Neil Rudenstine Professor of Study of
Latin America, Divinity School and
Department of Anthropology, Harvard
University
GIOVANNI CASADIO
Professor of History of Religions,
Dipartimento di Scienze
dell’Antichità, Università degli Studi
di Salerno
WENDY DONIGER
Mircea Eliade Distinguished Service
Professor of the History of Religions,
University of Chicago
GARY L. EBERSOLE
Professor of History and Religious
Studies, and Director, UMKC Cente
for Religious Studies, University of
Missouri—Kansas City
JANET GYATSO
Hershey Professor of Buddhist Studies,
The Divinity School, Harvard
University
CHARLES HALLISEY
Associate Professor, Department of
Languages and Cultures of Asia and
Program in Religious Studies,
University of Wisconsin—Madison
CHARLES H. LONG
Professor of History of Religions,
Emeritus, and Former Director of
Research Center for Black Studies,
University of California, Santa Ba
ara
MARY N. MACDONALD
Professor, History of Religions, Le
Moyne College (Syracuse, New York)
DALE B. MARTIN
Professor of Religious Studies, and
Chair, Department of Religious
Studies, Yale University
AZIM NANJI
Professor and Director, The Institute
of Ismaili Studies, London
JACOB OLUPONA
Professor, African American and
African Studies Program, University
of California, Davis
MICHAEL SWARTZ
Professor of He
ew and Religious
Studies, Ohio State University
INÉS TALAMANTEZ
Associate Professor, Religious Studies
Department, University of California,
Santa Ba
ara
CONSULTANTS
GREGORY D. ALLES
Associate Professor of Religious Studies,
McDaniel College
Study of Religion
SIGMA ANKRAVA
Professor, Department of Literary and
Cultural Studies, Faculty of Modern
Languages, University of Latvia
Baltic Religion and Slavic Religion
DIANE APOSTOLOS-CAPPADONA
Center for Muslim–Christian
Understanding and Liberal Studies
Program, Georgetown University
Art and Religion
DIANE BELL
Professor of Anthropology and Women’s
Studies, George Washington University
Australian Indigenous Religions
KEES W. BOLLE
Professor Emeritus of History,
University of California, Los Angeles,
and Fellow, Netherlands Institute fo
Advanced Studies in the Humanities
and Social Sciences
History of Religions
MARK CSIKSZENTMIHALYI
Associate Professor in the Department
of East Asian Languages and
Literature and the Program in
Religious Studies, University of
Wisconsin—Madison
Chinese Religions
RICHARD A. GARDNER
Faculty of Comparative Culture,
Sophia University
Humor and Religion
JOHN A. GRIM
Professor of Religion, Bucknell
University and Co-Coordinator,
eorel_fm 3/2/05 8:36 AM Page v
Harvard Forum on Religion and
Ecology
Ecology and Religion
JOSEPH HARRIS
Francis Lee Higginson Professor of
English Literature and Professor of
Folklore, Harvard University
Germanic Religions
URSULA KING
Professor Emerita, Senior Research
Fellow and Associate Member of the
Institute for Advanced Studies,
University of Bristol, England, and
Professorial Research Associate, Centre
for Gender and Religions Research,
School of Oriental and African
Studies, University of London
Gender and Religion
DAVID MORGAN
Duesenberg Professor of Christianity
and the Arts, and
Professor of Humanities and Art
History, Valparaiso University
Color Inserts and Essays
JOSEPH F. NAGY
Professor, Department of English,
University of California, Los Angeles
Celtic Religion
MATTHEW OJO
Obafemi Awolowo University
African Religions
JUHA PENTIKÄINEN
Professor of Comparative Religion, The
University of Helsinki, Member of
Academia Scientiarum Fennica,
Finland
Arctic Religions and Uralic Religions
TED PETERS
Professor of Systematic Theology,
Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary
and the Center for Theology and the
Natural Sciences at the Graduate
Theological Union, Berkeley,
California
Science and Religion
FRANK E. REYNOLDS
Professor of the History of Religions
and Buddhist Studies in the Divinity
School and the Department of South
Asian Languages and Civilizations,
Emeritus, University of Chicago
History of Religions
GONZALO RUBIO
Assistant Professor, Department of
Classics and Ancient Medite
anean
Studies and Department of History
and Religious Studies, Pennsylvania
State University
Ancient Near Eastern Religions
SUSAN SERED
Director of Research, Religion, Health
and Healing Initiative, Center for the
Study of World Religions, Harvard
University, and Senior Research
Associate, Center for Women’s Health
and Human Rights, Suffolk University
Healing, Medicine, and Religion
LAWRENCE E. SULLIVAN
Professor, Department of Theology,
University of Notre Dame
History of Religions
WINNIFRED FALLERS SULLIVAN
Dean of Students and Senior Lecture
in the Anthropology and Sociology of
Religion, University of Chicago
Law and Religion
TOD SWANSON
Associate Professor of Religious Studies,
and Director, Center for Latin
American Studies, Arizona State
University
South American Religions
MARY EVELYN TUCKER
Professor of Religion, Bucknell
University, Founder and Coordinator,
Harvard Forum on Religion and
Ecology, Research Fellow, Harvard
Yenching Institute, Research Associate,
Harvard Reischauer Institute of
Japanese Studies
Ecology and Religion
HUGH B. URBAN
Associate Professor, Department of
Comparative Studies, Ohio State
University
Politics and Religion
CATHERINE WESSINGER
Professor of the History of Religions
and Women’s Studies, Loyola
University New Orleans
New Religious Movements
ROBERT A. YELLE
Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow, University
of Toronto
Law and Religion
ERIC ZIOLKOWSKI
Charles A. Dana Professor of Religious
Studies, Lafayette College
Literature and Religion
vi EDITORS AND CONSULTANTS
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION, SECOND EDITION
eorel_fm 3/2/05 8:36 AM Page vi
vii
A B B R E V I A T I O N S A N D S Y M B O L S
U S E D I N T H I S W O R K
a
. a
eviated; a
eviation
a
. a
idged; a
idgment
AD anno Domini, in the year of the
(our) Lord
Afrik. Afrikaans
AH anno Hegirae, in the year of the
Hijrah
Akk. Akkadian
Ala. Alabama
Alb. Albanian
Am. Amos
AM ante meridiem, before noon
amend. amended; amendment
annot. annotated; annotation
Ap. Apocalypse
Apn. Apocryphon
app. appendix
Arab. Arabic
EArakh. EArakhin
Aram. Aramaic
Ariz. Arizona
Ark. Arkansas
Arm. Armenian
art. article (pl., arts.)
AS Anglo-Saxon
Asm. Mos. Assumption of Moses
Assyr. Assyrian
A.S.S.R. Autonomous Soviet Socialist
Republic
Av. Avestan
EA.Z. EAvodah zarah
. born
Bab. Babylonian
Ban. Bantu
1 Bar. 1 Baruch
2 Bar. 2 Baruch
3 Bar. 3 Baruch
4 Bar. 4 Baruch
B.B. BavaD batraD
BBC British Broadcasting
Corporation
BC before Christ
BCE before the common era
B.D. Bachelor of Divinity
Beits. Beitsah
Bekh. Bekhorot
Beng. Bengali
Ber. Berakhot
Be
. Be
e
Bik. Bikkurim
k. book (pl., bks.)
B.M. BavaD metsi EaD
BP before the present
B.Q. BavaD qammaD
Brāh. Brāhman. a
Bret. Breton
B.T. Babylonian Talmud
Bulg. Bulgarian
Burm. Burmese
c. circa, about, approximately
Calif. California
Can. Canaanite
Catal. Catalan
CE of the common era
Celt. Celtic
cf. confer, compare
Chald. Chaldean
chap. chapter (pl., chaps.)
Chin. Chinese
C.H.M. Community of the Holy
My
hbearers
1 Chr. 1 Chronicles
2 Chr. 2 Chronicles
Ch. Slav. Church Slavic
cm centimeters
col. column (pl., cols.)
Col. Colossians
Colo. Colorado
comp. compiler (pl., comps.)
Conn. Connecticut
cont. continued
Copt. Coptic
1 Cor. 1 Corinthians
2 Cor. 2 Corinthians
co
. co
ected
C.S.P. Congregatio Sancti Pauli,
Congregation of Saint Paul
(Paulists)
d. died
D Deuteronomic (source of the
Pentateuch)
Dan. Danish
D.B. Divinitatis Baccalaureus,
Bachelor of Divinity
D.C. District of Columbia
D.D. Divinitatis Doctor, Doctor of
Divinity
Del. Delaware
Dem. DemaDi
dim. diminutive
diss. dissertation
Dn. Daniel
D.Phil. Doctor of