Memory
Psychoanalytic Theory
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Mastering11.4
Freud and Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis:
Freud’s term for his theory of personality and his therapy for treating psychological disorders
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Mastering11.5
View of Maladaptive Behaviors
Stems from unconscious, unresolved conflict that occu
ed during childhood
Everything we do, think, say, and feel is an expression of our mind whether conscious, preconscious, or unconscious
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Two Inte
elated Theories
Structural (Drive) Theory
Development Theory (Psychosexual Stages)
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Drive Theory
Personality change occurs with the redirection of a person’s psychic energy
Two types of energy: Life/Sexual(libido) vs Death/Aggression Thanatos
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Freud’s Theory of Personality
ID
Superego
Ego
Conscious: Everything we are thinking about at any given moment
Preconscious: Thoughts and feelings we can easily
ing to mind
Unconscious: Thoughts and feelings that are difficult to call up because they have been repressed
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The three levels of awareness in consciousness are the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious.
Freud also proposed three systems of personality:
The id is the primitive, unconscious part of the personality, which contains the instincts and operates on the pleasure principle—that is, it tries to seek pleasure, avoid pain, and gain immediate gratification of its wishes. It is the source of the libido, the psychic energy that fuels the entire personality.
The ego is the rational, largely conscious system, which operates according to the reality principle: It considers the constraints of the real world in determining appropriate times, places, and objects for gratification of the id’s wishes.
The superego is the moral system of the personality, consisting of the conscience and the ego ideal. The conscience consists of all the behaviors for which the child has been punished and about which he or she feels guilty; and the ego ideal comprises the behaviors for which the child has been praised and rewarded and about which he or she feels pride and satisfaction.
Mastering11.6
https:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJRZQGFYpZY
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Anxiety
Signals something isn’t right
Signals that the control of the ego is being threatened by reality, by impulses from the id, or by harsh controls exerted by the superego
Psychoanalytic Anxiety
Objective anxiety occurs in response to real, external threat to a person
Neurotic anxiety occurs when there is a direct conflict between the id and the ego
Moral anxiety is caused by a conflict between the ego and the superego
The function of ego is to cope with threats and defend against dangers in order to reduce anxiety
Psychoanalytic Theories: Ego Defense Mechanisms
Ego defense mechanisms
Distort our perceptions and memories of the “real” world, without our awareness, to reduce the anxiety created by the conflicts among the id, ego, and superego
They become dysfunctional behavior when they become the ego’s habitual way of dealing with ange
Denial
Repression
Projection
Refusing to acknowledge consciously the existence of danger or a threatening situation
Rationalization
Regression
Reaction Formation
Displacement
Sublimation
Defense Mechanisms
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A defense mechanism is a means used by the ego to defend against anxiety and to maintain self-esteem.
Mastering11.7
Involuntarily removing an unpleasant memory, thought, or perception from consciousness or ba
ing distu
ing
sexual and aggressive
impulses from
consciousness
Defense Mechanisms
Denial
Repression
Projection
Rationalization
Regression
Reaction Formation
Displacement
Sublimation
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Mastering11.8
Attributing one’s own undesirable
traits, thoughts, behavior, o
impulses to anothe
Defense Mechanisms
Denial
Repression
Projection
Rationalization
Regression
Reaction Formation
Displacement
Sublimation
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Mastering11.9
Supplying a logical, rational, or socially acceptable reason rather than the real reason for an action or event
Defense Mechanisms
Denial
Repression
Projection
Rationalization
Regression
Reaction Formation
Displacement
Sublimation
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Mastering11.10
Reverting to a behavior that might have reduced anxiety at an earlier stage of development
Defense Mechanisms
Denial
Repression
Projection
Rationalization
Regression
Reaction Formation
Displacement
Sublimation
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Mastering11.11
Expressing exaggerated ideas and emotions that are the opposite of distu
ing, unconscious impulses
and desires
Defense Mechanisms
Denial
Repression
Projection
Rationalization
Regression
Reaction Formation
Displacement
Sublimation
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Mastering11.12
Substituting a less threatening object or person for the original object of a sexual or aggressive impulse
Defense Mechanisms
Denial
Repression
Projection
Rationalization
Regression
Reaction Formation
Displacement
Sublimation
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Mastering11.13
Rechanneling
sexual and aggressive
energy into pursuits or accomplishments that society considers acceptable or even admirable
Defense Mechanisms
Denial
Repression
Projection
Rationalization
Regression
Reaction Formation
Displacement
Sublimation
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Mastering11.14
https:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=FnRBAU6Yg2A&t=6s
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Ego Defense Mechanisms
From more to less adaptive
Sublimation
Identification
Displacement
Repression
Rationalization
Projection
Denial
Development Theory (Psychosexual Stages)
The Psychosexual Stages of Development
When:
Birth to 1 yea
What occurs:
Weaning;
oral gratification from sucking, eating, biting
When:
5 or 6 years to puberty
What occurs:
Period of sexual calm; interest in school, ho
ies, same-sex friends
When:
3 to 5 or 6 years
What occurs:
Oedipal conflict;
sexual curiosity; mastu
ation
When:
1 to 3 years
What occurs:
Toilet training; gratification from expelling and withholding feces
When:
Begins at puberty
What occurs:
Revival of sexual interests; establishment of mature sexual relationships
LATENCY STAGE
ANAL STAGE
GENITAL STAGE
ORAL STAGE
PHALLIC (OEDIPAL) STAGE
FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
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Freud asserted that the sexual instinct is present at birth and develops through a series of psychosexual stages, providing the driving force for all feelings and behaviors.
The stages are the oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage (followed by the latency period), and genital stage.
If the conflict is not readily resolved, the child may develop a fixation; a
ested development at a psychosexual stage occu
ing because of excessive gratification or frustration at that stage.
One of the most controversial features of Freud’s stage theory is the Oedipus complex, a conflict that arises during the phallic stage in which the child is sexually attracted to the opposite-sex parent and feels hostility toward the same-sex parent. When it is used in reference to females, the complex is called the Elektra complex.
Mastering11.15
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Stage Age Erogenous Zone Focus Type of Conflict Results of Fixation
Oral Birth–1 ½ years Mouth Sucking, chewing, and gumming Weaning Smoking, drinking, nail biting, excessive talking
Anal 1 ½–3 years Anus Eliminating bodily waste and controlling bodily functions responsible for this process Toilet training Being rule-bound, stingy, chaotic, destructive
Phallic 3–6 years Genitals Sexual feelings and awareness of self Autoeroticism Promiscuity, flirtation, vanity, or overdependence, and a focus on mastu
ation
Latency Period 6 years–puberty Period during which children develop mentally, socially, and physically Period during which children develop mentally, socially, and physically Period during which children develop mentally, socially, and physically Period during which children develop mentally, socially, and physically
Genital Puberty and beyond Genitals Reawakening of sexuality, with focus on relationships Sexuality and aggression Inability to thrive in adult activities such as work and love
According to Freud, psychological and sexual development proceeds through distinct stages. Each stage is characterized by a certain pleasure area, or “erogenous zone,” and a conflict that must be resolved. If resolution is not achieved, the person may develop a problematic “fixation.”
23
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Therapy Goals
Goals
educe symptoms by
inging the unconscious into conscious awareness
Integrating repressed material into the personality
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Techniques
Free Association
Dream
Resistance
Transference
Work through those with
Confrontation (help clients see behaviors in a new way using statements)
Clarification (restating in clear terms)
Interpretation (explicitly connecting cu
ent behavior to unconscious processes)
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Therapy session
https:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=oS_L8efaJ-E
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Evaluating Freud’s Contribution
Freud is credited with calling attention to:
The unconscious
The importance of early childhood experiences
The role of defense mechanisms
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Critics (such as E. Fuller To
ey) argue that the infusion of psychoanalytic concepts into Western culture has led to an overemphasis on sexual pleasure, while Freud’s supporters argue that the popularization of his theory has made people more aware of the importance of sexuality in their lives and the significance of early childhood experiences to later development.
Mastering11.16
Psychoanalytic Theories: Appraisal of Psychoanalytic Theory
Weaknesses
Dismissed possibility that people can change and ignored influence of cu
ent development
Placed too much weight on unconscious forces
Objection to emphasis on sexuality and role in personality development
Flawed methodology; nonrepresentative sample
Neo Freudians
Individual Psychology (Alfred Alder)
Analytical Psychotherapy (Carl Jung)
Object Relation Theory (Melanie Klein, Ronald Fai
airn, Margaret Maher & Otto kernberg)
Mr. Lewis Vignette
His wo
ied partner
ought Jason Lewis, a 28-year-old Hispanic freelance editor, to his long-term HIV clinic. As the patient entered the clinic waiting room, he announced, “God has cured me! I can stop my antivirals!”
While Mr. Lewis fidgeted on a chair, furiously writing on a yellow pad, his partner provided the recent history. He said that Mr. Lewis had been doing well until approximately one month earlier. At that point, he began a usually intense editing project. After about ten days of little sleep, Mr. Lewis seemed edgy, a little pressured, and “glassy-eyed." That night, the two of them went to a party to cele
ate the work project's completion. Despite several years of Narcotics Anonymous meetings and abstinence from illicit substances, Mr. Lewis took a stimulant, crystal methamphetamine. Acutely anxious and paranoid that they were being followed, Mr. Lewis drank three martinis but still did not sleep that night. Over the ensuing days, he became less paranoid, but he appeared increasingly distracted, and his speech was more pressured.
Mr. Lewis's work project was returned with multiple negative comments and requests for co
ections. Instead of focusing on his editing, however, he stayed up late every night, intent on finding a cure for HIV. He made inappropriate, hypersexual advances toward other men at the gym, where he spent much of the day. He lost at least 5 pounds after deciding to take vitamin supplements instead of food and his antiretroviral medication. He refused to go to the emergency room but finally agreed to come to his routine AIDS clinic appointment to show his doctors how well he had done despite not taking his medications in over a month.
Mr. Lewis’s psychiatric history was without a prior episode of clear-cut mania, but he had been depressed as a teenager during the early phase of his coming-out process. That episode was punctuated by a purposeful overdose and a -2 week psychiatric hospitalization and treatment with antidepressant medication and psychotherapy. He discontinued the medication because it made him “hyper and edgy,” and he stopped the psychotherapy because “it was pointless.” He used methamphetamine frequently for several years, which led to recu
ent unprotected intercourse with strangers.
Mr. Lewis was diagnosed with HIV at age 23, at which point he went to an outpatient substance abuse rehabilitation center and discontinued his use of stimulants and alcohol.