CONSTRUCTS/FACTOR
RELEVANT QUESTION
CASE STUDY APPLICATION
Perceived Threat (Susceptibility)
What is the health problem and how susceptible do they consider themselves to be to the risk?
Perceived Severity
How seriously do they consider the health problem- what are the implications?
Perceived Benefit
What behavioral changes are proposed and what is the benefit in changing behavior.
Perceived Ba
iers
What are their obstacles to changing the behavior
Self-efficacy
How successful do they consider the behavior change would be?
Cue to Action
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL Application of Theory
HEALTH BELIEF MODEL Application of Theory
Case One: Health Belief Model
· Woman (36 years), home-maker, ma
ied with six children
· She has visited her GP to get a repeat prescription of a contraceptive pill
· She comments that she has high stress levels and finds she spends all day and night looking after the children.
· She smokes a packet of low tar cigarettes each day, her husband also smokes
· Her Father died of secondary cancer related to an initial lung cancer at age 65 years.
Case Two: Health Belief Model
· Male (42 years), executive, ma
ied with two adolescent children
· He has visited his GP on his wife’s insistence that he has a general check-up
· He is significantly overweight and blames this on his regular long lunches, long hours and no time to exercise
· The GP finds he has high blood pressure and (from blood analysis) high cholesterol
· Brother has had a recent heart attack and required a triple bypass – ‘he looks great’
Case Three: Theory of Planned Behavior
· Mary, age 42 years has been diagnosed with pre-diabetes and an increase BMI, the GP recommends a change in diet and increase regular exercise.
· Mary enjoys her sedimentary lifestyle and her diet of fast food, now she has the knowledge about the relationship of her life-style and her recent diagnosis has changed her attitude.
· Her family are all very busy with working several job and fulltime school. They do not like to cook and enjoy eating fast food, especially when they entertain with their friends.
· Mary is concerned about her diagnosis and shared the news with her family, she believes she can follow the GP’s recommendations and intends to make changes with her family.
Case Four: Health Belief Model
· Male (24 years), office worker single
· He has visited his BP to get a certificate for absence from work due to a recu
ing chest infection
· He blames his regular late nights, smoking and heavy drinking on his recu
ing illness
· He plays football and cricket regularly and describes himself as a ‘social’ smoker and drinker at club events
· His Father (the Son describes him as a heavy drinker and smoker) has kidney stones has been treated for early emphysema
Instructions: Complete the application column with a scenario of your choice that co
esponds to the Stages of Change.
TRANSTHEORECTICAL THEORY/STAGES OF CHANGE – Application of Theory
STAGE OF CHANGE
Issue
APPLICATION
Pre-contemplation
Awareness-raising
Contemplation
Recognition of the benefits of change
Preparation or Determination
Identification of ba
iers
Action
Program of Change
Maintenance
Follow-up
Relapse
THEORY OF PLANNED BEAHVIOR – Application of Theory
CONSTRUCTS/FACTOR
RELEVANT QUESTION
CASE STUDY APPLICATION
Attitudes
What is the health problem and what is the attitude towards the health issue Mary consider to be the risk?
Subjective norms
How does the behavior of the family and friends impact the health problem- what are the implications?
Perceived Behavioral Control
What behavioral changes are proposed and how easy or difficult does Mary believe it will be to successfully perform the new behavior(s).
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY - Review
CONSTRUCTS
DESCRIPTION
Reciprocal Determinism
This is the central concept of SCT. This refers to the dynamic and reciprocal interaction of person (individual with a set of learned experiences), environment (external social context), and behavior (responses to stimuli to achieve goals).
Behavioral Capability
This refers to a person's actual ability to perform a behavior through essential knowledge and skills. In order to successfully perform a behavior, a person must know what to do and how to do it. People learn from the consequences of their behavior, which also affects the environment in which they live.
Modeling/ Observational Learning
This asserts that people can witness and observe a behavior conducted by others, and then reproduce those actions. This is often exhibited through "modeling" of behaviors. If individuals see successful demonstration of a behavior, they can also complete the behavior successfully.
Reinforcements
This refers to the internal or external responses to a person's behavior that affect the likelihood of continuing or discontinuing the behavior. Reinforcements can be self-initiated or in the environment, and reinforcements can be positive or negative. This is the construct of SCT that most closely ties to the reciprocal relationship between behavior and environment.
Expectations
This refers to the anticipated consequences of a person's behavior. Outcome expectations can be health-related or not health-related. People anticipate the consequences of their actions before engaging in the behavior, and these anticipated consequences can influence successful completion of the behavior. Expectations derive largely from previous experience. While expectancies also derive from previous experience, expectancies focus on the value that is placed on the outcome and are subjective to the individual.
Self-efficacy
This refers to the level of a person's confidence in his or her ability to successfully perform a behavior. Self-efficacy is unique to SCT although other theories have added this construct at later dates, such as the Theory of Planned Behavior. Self-efficacy is influenced by a person's specific capabilities and other individual factors, as well as by environmental factors (ba
iers and facilitators).